The Conflict In Ideologies Between Capitalism And Communism Essay Example For Students

The Conflict In Ideologies Between Capitalism And Communism Essay resulted in one of the greatest conflicts of the twentieth century. The belief that freedom and democracy would die undercommunist rule caused the United States to start a conflict thatwould last for decades. The decisions made by the United Statesin W.W.II caused tensions to rise between the U. S. and theSoviet Union. Fear of Communism in capitalist nations, causedthe United states government to use propaganda to raise ColdWar anxieties. Furthermore, the American media influenced theattitudes of Americans, making a hatred of communism spreadthough the nation. Thus, the United States caused the conflictknown as the Cold War, through its political policy andpropaganda. We will write a custom essay on The Conflict In Ideologies Between Capitalism And Communism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The political relations going on in Europe during anddirectly after World War II had an enormous effect on laying thefoundation for the Cold War. War time conferences such as Yaltaand Terhran harshened the relationship between the communistsand the capitalists. At the end of W.W.II American policytowards the Soviets changed drastically. The change in presidentin 1945 caused relations with Russia to worsen. Furthermore,other political contributions to the Cold War entailed the TrumanDoctrine and the Marshall Plan. The division of Europe betweenthe west and east drew physical borders which outlined that thewar of misinformation that had began. Also treaties of the postwar world further separated the two super powers of the worldfor the decades to follow. The waging of hot wars through othercountries also strengthened Cold War hatred.(1)The first of the cold war tensions arose out of W.W.IIconferences between the Soviet Union, America and, GreatBritain. Tehran, the first major conferenc e which lead America tostart the Cold War, included all three of these nations. At thisconference the reshaping of post-war Europe was discussed (2)Later in February of 1945, the big three met again at Yalta. Atthis conference European boundaries, German reparations, andPolish elections were agreed upon.(3) Stalin, the Russian leader,agreed to hold free and fair elections. Later after Roosevelt, whoattended these conferences, died Truman became president. Heaccused the Soviet leader, Stalin, of not holding up to hisagreements at Yalta.(4) Stalin wanted to use Poland as a bufferzone to prevent any future invasions from happening through thisarea. During W.W.II the Soviets had lost 27 million, and Stalinmade it clear that in no way would he allow this to happenagain.(5) Stalin responded to Trumans accusation with thefollowing words, I am ready to fulfill your request and doeverything possible to reach a harmonious solution. But youdemand too much of me. In other words, you demand that Irenounce the interests of security of the Soviet Union, but Icannot turn against my country.(6) On the other hand, AmericanGeneral Lucius Clay, who was stationed in post war Germanycommented we must have the courage to proceed quickly withthe establishment of a government for western Germany42million Germans in the British and American zones representtoday the strongest outpost against Communist penetration thatexists anywhere.(7) At this response Truman changed hisattitude toward the Soviets with the words, there isnt anydifference between the totalitarian Russian government and theHitler government.(8) Furthermore, America decided to keepStalin out of the loop about the Manhattan project, whichfurthered distrust, because Stalin learn about the bomb throughespionage. Trumans change in attitude toward Stalin, from thatof FDRs negotiation with Uncle Joe to one committed tostopping the Soviet cause, led to the creation of a new Americananti-Soviet political policy. The Truman Doctrine, the name given to the policyestablished by Truman, would soon arise in American foreignpolicy. This Truman Doctrine came out of a speech the Trumangave to a joint session of congress. It was the response Trumangave to Britain, which delcared that they no longer could givemilitary and economic aid to Greece.(9) In this speech Trumanfinally gave the Cold War official status, by stating the threatthat the Soviet government had on national security. InTrumans actual words he said, I believe that it must be thepolicy of the United States to support free peoples who areresisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or byoutside pressures.(10) Congress, knowing that Great Britainwould no longer give aid the Turkey and Greece, realized thatthese nations would soon turn to communism. Thus, theydecided to appropriate four hundred million dollars to help in theaid of Turkey and Greece.(11). To support Trumans policySenator Author Vandenburg stated its time to scare th e hell outof the American people with tales of communism on themarch.(12) Thus, America was further contributed to cold warissues by committing to stop the spread of communism in areasof the world very remote from them. .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 , .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 .postImageUrl , .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 , .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95:hover , .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95:visited , .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95:active { border:0!important; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95:active , .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: AMERICANS GETTING TOUGH EssayAmericas next political actions further caused the ColdWar to escalate. In 1947, George C. Marshall the Secretary ofthe state at the time gave a speech at Harvard university whichreveled his plans for the an after war economy. Marshall askedthat all of the countries of Europe communists and capitalistsalike to draw up a plan for economic recovery from the war.(13)The Soviets refused to participate, because they saw it asAmerica using money to buy its way into good terms with Europe. In the words of the Soviet foreign minister Molotov, the Marshallplan was nothing but a vicious American scheme for usingdollars to buy its way.(14) In the end, the United States sent 13billion over to Western Europe to support economic recovery.(15)The Soviet Union saw this as an American attempt to keep any ofthese countries from turning to communism, which would closethem off as US markets. Thus, the Marshall plan furthercontributed to a Soviet cause to continue waging a Cold War. In1949 America helped to organize a treaty against communism. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO included thefollowing nations : Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland,Italy, the Netherlands, Luxemberg, Norway, Portugal , the UnitedStates. This treaty showed a clear division of Communismverses Capitalism, and it declared that an attack against one ofthese nations would be an attack on all of them.(16) Thus, theUnited States used this treaty to escalate the cold War byshowing the Soviet Union that all of the NATO countries sidedwith the US in the Cold War. Finally, the United states wagedhot wars through other nations; instead in actually declaring waragainst the Soviet Union. These hot wars in Korea and again inVietnam. Both of these wars resulted from the United Statestrying to contain Communism from spreading throughout theworld. (17) Thus, all of the United States political actions furthercontributed to the Cold War cause. The political actions Of the United States from the time ofW.W.II onward caused the Cold War conflict. The conferences ofW.W.II set the tone for a time period of distrust between theSoviet union and the United States. With a new president inoffice Cold War policy was officialy began. Furthermore, fromthat point on the policy of the United States delcared itself asanti-Communist from that point on. Thus, to get the Americanpublic to side with the government on the issue of communism,America turned to the use of propaganda. The United States used propaganda and other influences toget the American public scared of communism and in support ofthe cold war. First congress began to use HUAC to stop filmsfrom having to much of a communist appeal to them(18)Furthermore, HUAC investigated people for being communistspies. Both Julius and Ethel Rosenburg and Alger Hiss, peopleaccused of being communist spies suffered conviction. Thiscaused the anti-Communist attitude in the United States to growtremendously. Thus, the American government used a federalorganization to further the publics hatred of communism. Nextan American Senator named Joseph R. McCarthy would lead aseries of trials against communists in the United States.(19)Most of the people that Macarthy accused of being communistreached conviction. This happened despite the fact that many ofthe accused were not in fact communists.(20) This situation hascompares to the Salem Witch trials; notably like the witch trialthe main outcome of the Macarthy trial srt uck fear into Americanpublic. Thus, the McCarthy trial increased anti-Communisthatred in the US and scared anyone out of committing tocommunist party for fear of their life. Therefore, the McCarthytrials acted as form of US propaganda, which gathered Americansupport for the Cold War against the Soviets. Moreover, withthe publication of George Orwells book 1984, anti-communistpropaganda increased. This book showed the United Statesunder a communist dictatorship. Thus, as propaganda this bookincreased the general anticommunist attitude of the Americanpublic.(20) Moreover, Hollywood began to produceanti-Communist films such as The Red Menace, which increaseda fear of communism in the United States.(21) Thus, the actionsof the American government, journalist, and media increased thegeneral anti-Communist support for the Cold War. .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 , .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 .postImageUrl , .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 , .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722:hover , .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722:visited , .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722:active { border:0!important; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722:active , .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How To Make Money Selling Item EssayThe American media also contributed to the Cold Warpropaganda in and out of the United States. American journalistswould commonly make up stories of communism in the UnitedStates in an effort to sell papers and to continue feelings ofanti-communism.(22) Also a radio station called Radio Onebegan to broadcast an anti communist message in Europe.(23)These radio broadcasts defamed the Soviet Union andcommunism and supported democracy and the United States. These broadcasts blatantly attempted to degrade communism,that they were never allowed to be transmitted in America.(24)Therefore, the overall actions of the United States clearly reportspropaganda to increase support for the Cold War, whichdominated American foreign policy for decades. The United States caused the Cold War by the politicaldecisions that in made and through its use of propaganda. Thepolitical decisions made by the United States from W.W.II onwardcaused the Cold War to start and to continue for decades. Moreover, the governments use of propaganda at home ralliedthe American public in an anticommunist attitude, whichsupported the countries political decisions. Thus, the UnitedStates caused the conflict between Democracy and Communism. BibliographyBIBLIOGRAPHYCayton, Andrew, and Elizabeth Israels Perry, and Allan M. Winkler. America Pathways to thePresent . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall,1995. Dudley, William. ed. The Cold War Opposing View Points. San Diego: Greenburg Press Inc.,1992. Gaddis, John Lewis. We Now Know Rethinking the Cold War. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1997. Glynn, Patricia. Closing Pandoras Box.. New York : Harper Collins, 1992. Snyder, Alvin A. Warriors of Disinformation . New York: Arcade Publishing, 1995. Yoder, Edwin M., Jr. Joe Alsops Cold War . Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press,1995. Endnotes1 Andrew Cayton and Elizabeth Israels Perry, and Allan M. Winkler, America Pathways tothe Present , (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall,1995.) p.7172 William Dudley, ed. The Cold War Opposing View Points, (San Diego: GreenburgPress Inc., 1992.) p143 Dudley 144 Dudley 1255 Dudley 1256 Cayton 7207 John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: REthinking the Cold War,(Oxford : Clarendon Press,1997.) p.1198 Cayton 7219 Dudley 1710 Cayton 72411 Cayton 72412 Dudley 1813 Cayton 72414 Cayton 72415 Cayton 72516 Cayton 72517 Patricia Glynn, Closing Pandoras Box., (New York : Harper Collins, 1992.) p.13518 Gaddis 2319 Edwin M. Yoder Jr., Joe Alsops Cold War, (Chapel Hill : The University of NorthCarolina Press, 1995.) p.2320 Glynn 13521 Cayton 73322 Yoder 2223 Alvin A. Snyder, Warriors of Disinformation , (New York: Arcade Publishing, 1995.)p.22124 Snyder 224

Coping with the reaction to your film essays

Coping with the reaction to your film essays Quite commonly during the edit when your program is evolving there is a big difference between what you intend to achieve with a particular scene, sequence or order of these and what a person watching this material for the first time will understand from it. If you keep your production totally to yourself during the whole edit C holding off showing it to any third party until its all  ¡Ã‚ °nice and polished ¡ - the chances are you might build lots of confusing elements into you program. You will get very upset when they point out that it just does not work or that they didn ¡Ã‚ ¯t understand what you thought you were conveying. Your ego is all locked up in this particular edit or even finished program and they say you are wrong or confusing them. With this secretive approach you may well have used up most of your edit schedule and budget before you discover the film is not doing what you think it is. It is well worth while to constantly trying out your evolving edits on respected colleagues or even family [as well of course of actually hearing the feedback of the commissioning editor who has the power to insist] . You know everything about the subject. Your ultimate audience might know nothing about it and will see it only once at 25 frame per second. You need to constantly test whether your intentions are being achieved as you form the structure and refine the program ¡Ã‚ ¯s  ¡story ¡Ã‚ ¯. The key to successfully using this process is to quiz your test audience/s on what they are comprehending and when or if confused at any point C NOT how they would cut it. You are not editing by committee, just seeking reliable feedback as to whether your intentions are working. If you do this throughout the edit and address any concerns and confusions raised in these sessions, by the time your program is complete you are confident that the film is achieving what you want it to with an audience. You can be more relaxed about any criti ...

John Woo as a film auteur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

John Woo as a film auteur - Essay Example In addition to that, John Woo is a very popular and fashionable film director. His actions films are working and bringing money. John Woo is a global iconic figure who has mastered the art of choreographing action sequences, Mexican standoffs and the use of slow motion technology. He used also these techniques in the course of creating his films what helped this person to create a highly alluring cinema that kept audience glued to the screen till the very last second of the film. His main achievement is his ability to incorporate his own unique style. John Woo simply controlled all stages of film production what enabled him to give his films a personal and a distinctive touch. John Woo is known for his constant effort aimed at resurfacing Hong Kong cinema of the 1980’s and 1990’s. The choice of this approach helped John Woo to acquire status of a cult director in Hollywood. Renowned American film theorist and film critic, David Bordwell, has reviewed a number of Wooâ₠¬â„¢s films. After reviewing John Woo’s films he gave the following evaluation to this person: â€Å"Personally, I do like the idea of giving Woo films a new rush of life, however, the man was, and still in many ways is (although it can be debated as to what extent) an auteur, in the truest sense of the word". (South Korean Remake Of John Woo’s A Better Tomorrow Meets Cold Response From Hong Kong Moviegoers) David claims that Woo uses a variety of skills in his films. The choice of this strategy makes John Woo the most remarkable and unique director in his area. David Bordwell also mentioned the fact that while watching Woo’s films in a theatre, you would be so engrossed that your focus would keep shifting from the background to what’s happening in the foreground as well as from left to right. Woo is well known for his habitual action sequences what gives his movie a highly fascinating yet a disciplined style. He is also known for re-inventing action seq uences. This measure helped to improve the quality of his films and to increase the number of people watching the movies of this film director. Regarding the issue of Woo’s technique, I can definitely say that Woo refined the techniques that his predecessors introduced to cinema during the initial stages of its development. The heightened standards of cinema, that he has set is still seen as a goal for modern films. After reviewing John Woo’s film, â€Å"A Better Tomorrow†, Stephen Teo, a filmmaker, critic and film historian, stated that, John Woo â€Å"reintroduced themes of brotherhood, honor and vengeance in the movie, making it boldly appealing for the audience to watch.† (South Korean Remake of John Woo’s A Better Tomorrow Meets Cold Response From Hong Kong Moviegoers) Further he stated that â€Å"Woo borrowed from the theatrical choreography seen in the Wuxia films of the 1960s and 1970s, by incorporating the same style into his shootout sce nes.† (John Woo and the Art of the Action Movie) While critics argue whether or not Woo’s participation in filmmaking should be placed under the Hong Kong new wave or if it falls under the Hong Kong studio system, one cannot deny the fact that Woo has made a big contribution into the development of modern cinema and has made an enormous impact on the manner in which filmmakers produce their films across the world. Hong Kong new wave was a brief period of experimentation for Hong Kong cinema. During this period filmmakers got a chance to

Black reparations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Black reparations - Essay Example The central claims and organising and legal principles of the reparations movement are laid out in the Black Manifesto. The Manifesto is premised on the historical fact that the United States was constitutionally founded on slavery and that the persistence of racial inequality and injustice in American society is derived from slavery. The Manifesto articulates the legal principle for reparations for African Americans. According to Wade Henderson, Executive Director of the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, this principle affirms that for every wrong there is a remedy, and ... that remedy is not extinguished by time itself, particularly when the manifestations of the problem are current day and visible to all1. Judiciously, the Manifesto does not specify how to assess the damage for reparations, calling for congressional hearings to determine the basis for compensation. While the Manifesto implicates the US government as a principal benefactor and enforcer of slavery, it intentionally does not specify the form or forms of reparations, except to call for the establishment of a 'private trust', which may imply financial as well as other forms of restitution. Mazrui has delineated three categories of reparations considered during his membership of the Group of Eminent Persons. The Group was established by the Org anisation for African Unity (OAU) in 1992 to address reparations in the larger context of African slavery and colonisation. The categories, broadly defined, are 'capital transfer', 'skill transfer' and 'empowerment'. The first of the three is self-evident, implying financial compensation; the second concerns the acquisition of skills and presumably knowledge to compensate for the deprivation and underdevelopment caused by slavery and colonisation; the third, 'empowerment', calls for the apportionment to Africa of 'out of proportion power' in institutions like the World Bank and for veto authority in the Security Council of the United Nations. Within these three categories, reparations can take several forms. Historical context The call for reparations in the US is not of recent vintage. On his match through Confederate territory in 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman issued Special Field Order No. 15 on 16 January which reserved land largely in the Sea Islands and on the South Carolina and Georgia coasts for the settlement of freed blacks. That year, nearly 40,000 former slaves settled on 400,000 acres in the 'Sherman Reservation ( Levitt, 1997). Although Sherman (and his contemporaries who advocated land distribution) did not define this as reparations, he ordered that each family of ex-slaves be given not more than forty acres of tillable land' and 'subject to the approval of the President of the United States, a possessory title in writing ( Matsuda, 1987). However, the terms of the land distribution were unclear. Was the federal government leasing or giving title of the land to the ex-slaves When the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Land (aka the Freedmen's Bureau) was established in March 1865, Congress authorised it to lease confiscated or abandoned lands to former slaves who would have the option to 'purchase the land and receive such titles thereto as the United States can convey'. But President Johnson undermined the Bureau's efforts by ordering the restoration of property to the former Confederates he had pardoned. In

Assignment 1 inrenational relation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignment 1 inrenational relation - Term Paper Example The letter sent to former American president George Bush by the current Iranian president in 2006 clearly shows that the differences existing between America and Iran are not related to the nuclear issue alone. In fact the nuclear issue between America and Iran has not been mentioned in this letter. On the other hand, America’s efforts to baptize the entire world to Christianity, war on terror, foreign policies, stands on Middle East crisis etc are some of the major issues mentioned in the letter. This paper analyses the above letter and the prospects of diplomatic breakthrough during the Obama administration if Iran's nuclear file is resolved. Iran and America are two extremely diverse nations with respect to politics, culture, economy legal frame works etc. Iran is an Islamic republic and majority of the Iranian population are Muslims whereas America is a secular democratic country, dominated by Christian religion. â€Å"The government refers to a particular set of institut ions and people authorised by formal documents such as a constitution to pass laws, issue regulations, control the police etc whereas the state includes all the institutions and individuals that exercise power† (Hauss, p.8). ... Like most of the other democratic countries, elections were conducted to select the representatives of Iranian parliament; however the influence of religion and religious leaders in Iranian politics cannot be underestimated or neglected. Even though the president of Iran holds the supreme power in administrative matters, he cannot function against the interests of the religious leaders. In other words, religion holds the supreme power in Iranian politics and social life. Religion does not play any major role in the functioning of democracy in America which is evident from the fact that the current American president Obama not only has a black community origin, but also has a Muslim origin. In other words, America values people based on their individual merits rather than their pedigree or cultural history. Nobody can anticipate a person from another religion becomes the president of Iran. The influence of religion in politics seems to be a curse for Iranians. Because of the excessive influence of religion in politics, Iran forced to sacrifice many of the fundamental principles of democracy and caused immense damages to their political and economical growth. The influence of religion on politics is visible in the letter sent to Bush by Mahmood Ahmadi-Najad. In this letter Mr. Najad tries to connect religious beliefs with politics. He has asked Bush to make clear that whether his activities are in line with the teachings of Jesus Christ or not. The following excerpts are taken from the letter. About Israel: Is support for this regime in line with the teachings of Jesus Christ (PBUH) or Moses (PBUH) or liberal values? About massacres against the prisoners: There are prisoners in Guantanamo Bay that have not been tried, have no legal

Psychological Theories of Death and Dying

Psychological Theories of Death and Dying A Critical Literature Review on Death and Dying. Great distress is suffered at the time of death; however, feelings are quickly withdrawn, and the feelings of numbness and disbelief follow for some time. Many phases of grieving have been documented by researchers. There are passing episodes of separation distress as the bereaved person continues in normal functions routine tasks. Many theories have been put forward to account for death and dying including the Kubler-Ross Model, Beckers Existential View, Freuds Theory of Evolution, the Regret Theory  put forward by Adrian Tomer and Grafton Eliason and many more small theories. The Kà ¼bler-Ross model attempts to explain the process which are experienced by people who deal with grief and tragedy. She proposed the notion of five stages in this process, which terminally ill patients go through the stages of grief are : 1) Denial 2)  Anger  3)  Bargaining  4)  Acceptance  . Kà ¼bler-Ross initially used these stages to any personal loss scenario job, income, freedom, loss of someone or divorce. Kà ¼bler-Ross did state that these steps do not necessarily occur in the stated pattern, she stated that a person will always experience at some stages in her model, although this does not apply to every person. These stages are mostly applied to news of ones own impending death. 1974, Researchers have argued true real grieving begins after the all the stages are over with, and that grief involving its own set of stages, begins with acceptance, where the Kubler-Ross stages end. Kubler-Ross studied the subject of death and dying and developed her model. She found that the dying persons typically experienced a progression toward an adjustment to and an acceptance of death. The order the stages are experiences and the time spend at each stage differs. It can be argued that the stages are not clearly explained as each stage can be interlinked with another. There is no gathered evidence that all the five stages are navigated throughout when dealing with the prospect of death. The route through the stages is not just in one direction for example the stages can occur in random order, or stages can be repeated , even in a spiral of going round and round experiencing the same thing over and over The Kubler-Ross model does not look at other agencies of support , i.e. emotional ties to family, and other relationships, also factors such as loved ones belongings causing grief regression in which depression be experienced again. The way in which loss is experienced may lead to how grief is expressed. A sudden loss or violent loss in which, may cre ate a traumatic loss which is probably tougher to cope with. Freud stated that people feared death because nobody believes in his own death. Furthermore, he stated that the unconscious does not deal with the passing of time Thus he summarised whatever one fears cannot be death because one has never died. Another theory put forward by Becker was the Existential theory. It proposed that death anxiety is real, which involves anxiety being peoples greatest root of concern. This anxiety was very intense that it has the power to generate fears and phobias of everyday life. The impact can result in fear of being alone. In line with this theory, much of peoples routine behaviour involves attempts to deny death and thus keep’s their anxiety under control. Another  theory  put forward by Adrian Tomer and Grafton Eliason was the â€Å"Regret theory† was proposed in 1996. The focus was on the method that people rated their worth of life. People generally feel more anxious if they feel that their accomplishments are not met. Studies have been focused on the cultural impact of ethnicity on attitudes toward death and dying by comparing African-Americans, Asian-Americans, and Hispanic-Americans with a comparison group of Caucasians. They compared their findings to those from Kalish’s and Reynolds’s 1970’s Death and Ethnicity Study, now thought of as a crucial study, cultural differences do exist (not studied deeply) in grieving and therefore causing problems in concurrent validity Kubler Ross’s theory. Critics also suggest that the five stages are not capable of reflecting the full range of human reactions to death and dying. Still other researchers worry that using the term depression for stage four as confusing. Critics question the emotions and ask if these are normal, healthy way to respond to dying or instead, maladaptive psychological and physical symptoms. Criticism of the stage theory put by Tanenbaum is that there exists no real evidence that stages are present in coping with death. He asserts that no evidence that dying people go through the exact Kubler-Ross stages in their proper order. Any patient could experience emotions not even mentioned in the Kubler-Ross stages, or the stages in a different order. Also, there is no evidence that people coping with their impending death move through all of stages one through five. The limitations on the method of research employed by Kubler-Ross is that her method of personal interview was a valid start to her research but another data gathering technique was needed her theory would have been more valid if she had employed this method. The flaws in her work included the gathered data by the interviewer may vary depending on the relationship between the researcher and the patient Also on what was told by the participant is not everything they feel. It has become common for positive value to be placed on the transition of each new stage. This can lead to patients being pressured by family, to move through the stages to progress. Patients may feel that they need to accept their death to die properly simply because thats what the famous theory prescribes. Also, the persons unique personality and identity may be lost as they supposedly move through these generic stages. Each persons experiences are unique and different, so each persons death process is unique. A patients environment can have a great effect on their attitude towards death. A patient in a supportive environment is likely to reveal very different st ages of dying that a patient in a negative and unsupportive environment. There is lack in any real research to help us to deal with issues surrounding dying. Most of the problems with the Kubler-Ross model is in the analysis by society and the mistreatment of her research. More interest and investigation are needed to follow-up her study with more research and data.

The Role of Jews in American Politics Essay -- Jews in Politics, 2015

Since our country was established, immigrants from all over the world have come to America seeking a better life. As they progressively become more acquainted with the American life style they tend to become more involved in the daily interest of their new country. Specifically, Jews have been in the United States for centuries, but for a long time anti-Semitism and discrimination have made it very difficult for them to participate in politics. Jews have become a more active part of American politics due to Senator Lieberman’s candidacy for Vice President. However, Jew’s role in American politics has progressed over the years. In the early years of our nations history Jews were not as actively involved in political positions. Senator Lieberman suggested that one reason, why Jews did not enter active politics during the start of the twentieth century was because of anti-Semitism. Over the course of the second half of the past century, particularly following World War II, Jews were among the strongest voices in the civil rights movement. Jews became financial power houses and supported the candidates of their choice with money. The events of the last century: the Vietnam War, women’s movement, and environmental programs inspired many American Jews to enter politics, for the very purpose of improving the world. As Senator Lieberman says in his introduction to Jews in American Politics, it is the practice of Jews to want to make the world a better place to â€Å"repair the world† in Hebrew, â€Å"Tikkun Olam† (Maisel and Forman XXII) In the history of the United States before the New Deal was created by Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the â€Å"the Jewish community was politically weak and its role in American society precarious. During t... ... strength† (â€Å"Policy Dispatches No. 52†). Joe Lieberman helped to pave a road for all ethnicities, as Mario Cuomo the former governor of New York commented, â€Å"if the Jews can make it, then Italian Americans can make it, Hispanic Americans can make it and African Americans can make it† (â€Å"Policy Dispatchers No. 52†). Throughout time Jews have faced anti-Semitism and criticism. However, they have excelled and Joe Lieberman after the 2002 election has become the icon of â€Å"a historic step forward in the complete integration of Jews in American society† (â€Å"Policy Dispatchers No. 52†). Works Cited Maisel, L. Sandy, and Ira N. Forman. Jews in American Politics. New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2001. Policy Dispatches No. 52. World Jewish Congress 5 Dec. 2002 .

Deception Point Page 85

Rachel's body went rigid. She wanted to step back from the railing, but she could not move. She was transfixed by the petrifying vista. â€Å"Incredible, aren't they?† Tolland said. His hand was on her shoulder again, comforting. â€Å"They'll tread water in the warm spots for weeks. These guys have the best noses in the sea-enhanced telencephalon olfactory lobes. They can smell blood up to a mile away.† Corky looked skeptical. â€Å"Enhanced telencephalon olfactory lobes?† â€Å"Don't believe me?† Tolland began rooting around in an aluminum cabinet adjacent to where they were standing. After a moment, he pulled out a small, dead fish. â€Å"Perfect.† He took a knife from the cooler and cut the limp fish in several places. It started to drip blood. â€Å"Mike, for God's sake,† Corky said. â€Å"That's disgusting.† Tolland tossed the bloody fish overboard and it fell thirty feet. The instant it hit the water, six or seven sharks darted in a tumbling ferocious brawl, their rows of silvery teeth gnashing wildly at the bloody fish. In an instant, the fish was gone. Aghast, Rachel turned and stared at Tolland, who was already holding another fish. Same kind. Same size. â€Å"This time, no blood,† Tolland said. Without cutting the fish, he threw it in the water. The fish splashed down, but nothing happened. The hammerheads seemed not to notice. The bait carried away on the current, having drawn no interest whatsoever. â€Å"They attack only on sense of smell,† Tolland said, leading them away from the railing. â€Å"In fact, you could swim out here in total safety-provided you didn't have any open wounds.† Corky pointed to the stitches on his cheek. Tolland frowned. â€Å"Right. No swimming for you.† 102 Gabrielle Ashe's taxi was not moving. Sitting at a roadblock near the FDR Memorial, Gabrielle looked out at the emergency vehicles in the distance and felt as if a surrealistic fog bank had settled over the city. Radio reports were coming in now that the exploded car might have contained a high-level government official. Pulling out her cellphone, she dialed the senator. He was no doubt starting to wonder what was taking Gabrielle so long. The line was busy. Gabrielle looked at the taxi's clicking meter and frowned. Some of the other cars stuck here were pulling up onto the curbs and turning around to find alternative routes. The driver looked over his shoulder. â€Å"You wanna wait? Your dime.† Gabrielle saw more official vehicles arriving now. â€Å"No. Let's go around.† The driver grunted in the affirmative and began maneuvering the awkward multipoint turn. As they bounced over the curbs, Gabrielle tried Sexton again. Still busy. Several minutes later, having made a wide loop, the taxi was traveling up C Street. Gabrielle saw the Philip A. Hart Office Building looming. She had intended to go straight to the senator's apartment, but with her office this close†¦ â€Å"Pull over,† she blurted to the driver. â€Å"Right there. Thanks.† She pointed. The cab stopped. Gabrielle paid the amount on the meter and added ten dollars. â€Å"Can you wait ten minutes?† The cabbie looked at the money and then at his watch. â€Å"Not a minute longer.† Gabrielle hurried off. I'll be out in five. The deserted marble corridors of the Senate office building felt almost sepulchral at this hour. Gabrielle's muscles were tense as she hurried through the gauntlet of austere statues lining the third-floor entryway. Their stony eyes seemed to follow her like silent sentinels. Arriving at the main door of Senator Sexton's five-room office suite, Gabrielle used her key card to enter. The secretarial lobby was dimly lit. Crossing through the foyer, she went down a hallway to her office. She entered, flicked on the fluorescent lights, and strode directly to her file cabinets. She had an entire file on the budgeting of NASA's Earth Observing System, including plenty of information on PODS. Sexton would certainly want all the data he could possibly get on PODS as soon as she told him about Harper. NASA lied about PODS. As Gabrielle fingered her way through her files, her cellphone rang. â€Å"Senator?† she answered. â€Å"No, Gabs. It's Yolanda.† Her friend's voice had an unusual edge to it. â€Å"You still at NASA?† â€Å"No. At the office.† â€Å"Find anything at NASA?† You have no idea. Gabrielle knew she couldn't tell Yolanda anything until she'd talked to Sexton; the senator would have very specific ideas about how best to handle the information. â€Å"I'll tell you all about it after I talk to Sexton. Heading over to his place now.† Yolanda paused. â€Å"Gabs, you know this thing you were saying about Sexton's campaign finance and the SFF?† â€Å"I told you I was wrong and-â€Å" â€Å"I just found out two of our reporters who cover the aerospace industry have been working on a similar story.† Gabrielle was surprised. â€Å"Meaning?† â€Å"I don't know. But these guys are good, and they seem pretty convinced that Sexton is taking kickbacks from the Space Frontier Foundation. I just figured I should call you. I know I told you earlier that the idea was insane. Marjorie Tench as a source seemed spotty, but these guys of ours†¦ I don't know, you might want to talk to them before you see the senator.† â€Å"If they're so convinced, why haven't they gone to press?† Gabrielle sounded more defensive than she wanted to. â€Å"They have no solid evidence. The senator apparently is good at covering his tracks.† Most politicians are. â€Å"There's nothing there, Yolanda. I told you the senator admitted taking SFF donations, but the gifts are all under the cap.† â€Å"I know that's what he told you, Gabs, and I'm not claiming to know what's true or false here. I just felt obliged to call because I told you not to trust Marjorie Tench, and now I find out people other than Tench think the senator may be on the dole. That's all.† â€Å"Who were these reporters?† Gabrielle felt an unexpected anger simmering now. â€Å"No names. I can set up a meeting. They're smart. They understand campaign finance law†¦ † Yolanda hesitated. â€Å"You know, these guy actually believe Sexton is hurting for cash-bankrupt even.† In the silence of her office, Gabrielle could hear Tench's raspy accusations echoing. After Katherine died, the senator squandered the vast majority of her legacy on bad investments, personal comforts, and buying himself what appears to be certain victory in the primaries. As of six months ago, your candidate was broke. â€Å"Our men would love to talk to you,† Yolanda said. I bet they would, Gabrielle thought. â€Å"I'll call you back.† â€Å"You sound pissed.† â€Å"Never at you, Yolanda. Never at you. Thanks.† Gabrielle hung up. Dozing on a chair in the hallway outside Senator Sexton's Westbrooke apartment, a security guard awoke with a start at the sound of his cellular phone. Bolting up in his chair, he rubbed his eyes and pulled his phone from his blazer pocket. â€Å"Yeah?† â€Å"Owen, this is Gabrielle.† Sexton's guard recognized her voice. â€Å"Oh, hi.† â€Å"I need to talk to the senator. Would you knock on his door for me? His line is busy.† â€Å"It's kind of late.† â€Å"He's awake. I'm sure of it.† Gabrielle sounded anxious. â€Å"It's an emergency.† â€Å"Another one?† â€Å"Same one. Just get him on the phone, Owen. There's something I really need to ask him.† The guard sighed, standing up. â€Å"Okay, okay. I'll knock.† He stretched and made his way toward Sexton's door. â€Å"But I'm only doing it because he was glad I let you in earlier.† Reluctantly, he raised his fist to knock.

Lady Macbeth Character Analysis

Lady Macbeth Character Analysis Lady Macbeth is one of Shakespeare’s most infamous female characters. Cunning and ambitious, Lady Macbeth is a major protagonist in the play, encouraging and helping Macbeth to carry out his bloody quest to become king. Without Lady Macbeth, her husband might never have ventured down the murderous path that leads to their ultimate downfall.   In many respects, Lady Macbeth is more ambitious and power-hungry than her husband, going so far as to call his manhood into question when he has second thoughts about committing murder.   Sexism in 'Macbeth' Along with being Shakespeares bloodiest play, Macbeth is also the one with the greatest number of outright evil female characters. Chief among them are the three witches who predict Macbeth will be king and set the plays action into motion.   Then, theres Lady Macbeth herself. It was unusual in Shakespeares day for a female character to be so boldly ambitious and manipulative as Lady Macbeth. Shes unable to take action herself, perhaps because of the social constraints of the time, and must persuade her husband to go along with her evil plans. Masculinity is defined in the play by ambition and power, two qualities that Lady Macbeth possesses in abundance. By constructing the character in this way, Shakespeare challenges our preconceived views of masculinity and femininity. But what exactly was Shakespeare suggesting? On one hand, it was a radical idea to present a dominant female character. But on the other hand, Lady Macbeth is presented negatively and ends up killing herself after experiencing what appears to be a crisis of conscience.   Lady Macbeth Character Description and Guilt Lady Macbeth’s sense of remorse soon overwhelms her. She has nightmares and in one famous scene (Act 5, Scene 1), appears to try to wash from her hands the blood she imagines has been left behind by the murders. Doctor:What is it she does now? Look how she rubs her hands.Gentlewoman:It is an accustomd action with her, to seem thuswashing her hands. I have known her continue in this a quarter ofan hour.Lady Macbeth:Yet heres a spot.Doctor:Hark, she speaks. I will set down what comes from her, tosatisfy my remembrance the more strongly.Lady Macbeth:Out, damnd spot! out, I say! - One; two: why, thentis time to dot. - Hell is murky. - Fie, my lord, fie, a soldier, andafeard? What need we fear who knows it, when none can call ourpowr to accompt? - Yet who would have thought the old man tohave had so much blood in him? By the end of Lady Macbeths life, guilt has replaced her incredible ambition in equal measure. We are led to believe that her guilt ultimately leads to her suicide. Lady Macbeth is, therefore, a victim of her own ambition - and also possibly of her sex. As a woman  in Shakespeares world, she is not resilient enough to deal with such strong emotions, whereas Macbeth fights on to the very end despite his misgivings.   The treacherous Lady Macbeth both defies and defines what it means to be a female villain in a Shakespeare play.

buy custom Thematic Functions of Myths essay

buy custom Thematic Functions of Myths essay A myth can be defined as a story that provides some explanations about our history and beliefs. Myths often contain some significance to some culture and they address the essential and most challenging questions a reader might ask concerning the story. They often used to describe the origin of the universe, tell stories about great men, forces of the good and evil, gods and other supernatural beings. However, it is important to note that myths are always considered true by the culture of rather people from which the myth has originated since some spiritual or religious significance is always attached to it,according to Wood, and this is probably the reason as to why different writers have decided to incorporate the use of mythology in their works. This essay will consider the use of myths in the writing of novels, and will explore the thematic function of myths in the novel written by Garcia Marquez. The use of myths in the novels In the novel One Hundred Years of Solitude, Garcia Marquez, writes of a story about the history of the documentation, development and the demise of a human settlement during a particular time. The Buendia family lived in a town known as Macondo, which was prone to various kinds of calamities. To begin with, we find that the author has used myth to provide meaning to the unexplainable. Macondo is a town that is frequented by calamities and misfortunes that affect the Buendia family. It is obvious that questions directed at knowing more about these calamities, for instance, the reason as to why they were taking place, and probably the source of such events could be asked. To evade the need to provide explanations to such questions, the author has applied the use of myths. It basically provides explanations about the mysteries this population was facing. In addition, myths try to provide some understanding regarding the natural world, for instance, they can always offer thereason as to why a calamity such as famine has occurred. Looking at Garcia Marquezs novel, the author has used myths to provide explanations about such issues. Although he does not have a clear understanding regarding these events, he applies the use of myths to explain such events to the generations that have preceded the Buendia family, which gives the readers of a picture of how at some time, there existed a human civilization that was faced with calamities. In addition, the author has used myths to depict the origin of this population. For instance, from the story we learn that it is from the marriage between Jose Buendia and Ursula that this family was formed. We also learn that it is from Joses dream about the city of mirrors that the town of Macondo was found at the river side. It is from this myth that we are able to know the origin of this population and how it was formed. Myths have also been usedto make the story fascinating. They are often applied in the writing of novels to give the readers that urge to continue reading the story as they make the story more entertaining and humorous. The reader is left with the feeling of wanting to know more regarding the explained unusual calamities. For instance, in this novel, the author gives us a picture of what the world was like during those times. It is from the dream that the town was formed and after some time the town starts experiencing calamities. The reader is then left to wonder how such events took place. They have actually made the story more fascinating. Garcia Marquez has also used myths to depict the culture of that specificpopulation. Myths have the ability of establishing a cultures rituals, social structures, customs and religious tenets, territorial claims and power hierarchies. It is from the use of myths that we are able to know about the culture of the Buendia family so that we can validate them in order to transmit them tto the preceding generations. For instance, the end of destruction that would befall the Buendia family and the town of Macondo provides an overview of how the ideological and cultural heritage of Spain in the modern world would end. In addition, the author has used myths to provide stability and continuity to some culture. The novel outlines the existence a human population who had their own culture at some point in time. However, the novel outlines that Garcia could have been probably the only surviving generation of the time. However, we are able to read about the cultures of this population, some of whi ch have been validated and applied by the contemporary societies. It is apparent that ancient myths still exist in the present cultures and the references are found in the contemporary expressions and words. Mythology has also been applied in the novel to depict the authors creativity. We cannot tell if such a population was existent or not. However, the author has presented it in a way that makes it so real and convincing that whatever has been written is actually true. It therefore becomes challenging to question about this writing since we are not certain if whatever the novel claims is true or not. We can therefore ascertain that myths can be applied in displaying the authors creativity. It is therefore apparent that the author has applied the use of mythology in this novel to illustrate his creativity. In conclusion, myths play significant roles in the writing of novels as noted in the work of Garcia Marquez. As noted, the author has applied the use of myths to provide explanations for the unexplainable, create some humor and fascination, and show the origin of this population as well as providing explanations about the culture of the named population. We can therefore conclude that myths play a major role in the world of writing due to the functions that have been identified above. Buy custom Thematic Functions of Myths essay

CA eng 1st Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CA eng 1st - Essay Example I believed that my father, being an illiterate man, was able to achieve enough respect in his life and I would be able to achieve the same by joining him eventually. I did not believe that education had anything to do with being successful and reputed. One day, when I was 16 years old, my father surprised me and told me that it was about time I came along and participated in a meeting with a supplier. He explained to me that this meeting was extremely important and it would be like a dream come true if the contract was signed. The contract was to export lights to another country and expand the business globally. I was extremely excited! I could see the enthusiasm in y father’s eye and he was hopeful that the deal would fall through. The meeting was with a man who had come from a foreign nation. He was unable to speak the national language and the issue started when he realized that my father was illiterate and he could not converse in English appropriately. The man seemed disappointed and he judged my father instantly as soon as he realized he wasn’t educated. Throughout the meeting I felt my father was constantly struggling to convince him to make the deal but he failed. The man had made up his mind. He did not want to do business with an illiterate businessman. I saw the grief and disappointment in my father’s eyes. His dreams had been shattered. He looked at me feeling helpless and asked us to leave. Seeing the helpless, disappointed look in his eyes made me decide instantly that I would not let my father down and I would fulfill his dream by being literate and moving his business forward. He would not be disappointed anymore and I would achieve in my life what this contemporary world requires out of business men. This was the moment of truth where I understood that in order to fulfill your dreams education plays a vital role. I stand here in front of you a proud man as

Bullwhip effect in supplychain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Bullwhip effect in supplychain - Essay Example In order to identify the causes of the bullwhip effect and to determine what measures may be adopted to tame the bullwhip effect we conduct an analysis of secondary data found in the literature. By conducting this study we can utilize a two-phase supply chain model and determine that synergy and trust are necessary for coordinated forecasting, consistent lead times and adequate information for appropriately estimating demand variance and thus taming the bullwhip effect. CHAPTER-1 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1. Defining the Bullwhip Effect In companies where demand appears to be capable of accurate prediction, companies may nevertheless incur considerable costs attempting to ensure that production is consistent with demand (Fisher, Hammond, Obermeyer & Raman, 1997). These costs are incurred for ensuring efficient supply chain management. The consequences of inefficient supply chain management are typically referred to as the bullwhip effect (Croson & Dohohue, 2005). A primary contributing fa ctor to inefficient supply chain management has been called the bullwhip effect (Lee, Padmanabhan & Whang, 1997). According to Lee, Padmanabhan and Whang (2004) the bullwhip effect occurs when â€Å"demand variability† amplifies in an â€Å"upstream† direction within the supply chain (p. 1887). ... The term â€Å"bullwhip effect† was initially used by the management of Proctor & Gamble upon observing enhanced distorted information relative to orders as the information went â€Å"up the supply chain† (Buchmeister, Pavlinjek, Palcic & Polajnar, 2008, p. 46). Proctor & Gamble evaluated patterns of orders for their most profitable product: Pampers. Sales recorded at retail outlets indicated fluctuations. Upon a closer examination, Proctor and Gamble noticed that orders made by distributors had a surprising level of variability. Orders to suppliers demonstrated even larger levels of variabilities. Although the consumers who were infants used Pampers steadily, â€Å"variabilities† in â€Å"demand orders† escalated in an upward trajectory in the supply chain (Lee et. al, 1997, p. 93). Essentially, the phrase, the bullwhip effect generally refers to inefficient management in the supply chain which causes increases in demand variations as information travels in an upward direction in the supply chain. According to Dolgui and Proth (2010), when demand information is distorted while moving up the supply chain, there are usually three observable effects: â€Å"oscillation, amplification and phase-lag† (p. 119). In this regard, oscillation occurs when demand is unstable. Amplification refers to increases in demand variability upstream in the context of the supply chain. Phase-lag occurs when orders reach a peak farther upstream in the context of the supply chain (Dolgui & Proth, 2010). The bullwhip effect will therefore occur in instances where communication within the supply chain is either distorted or late. Wu and Katok (2006) inform that even where supply chain personnel are highly trained and