My Personal Experience Learning to Golf Essay - 948 Words

Many people take up Golf thinking that it is easy, after all, how hard can it be to hit a little white ball with a stick? This thinking evaporates the first time they step onto a driving range and attempt to hit that little white ball. Golf is not easy by any stretch of the imagination. My experience with golf began in May of 2005 when friends came to stay with us; my wife informed me that I would have to take Roy, her friend’s husband Golfing. I had not been to a driving range (since I was in my teens) and I had never played golf on a course before. It was quite an experience; the weather was cold, rainy and nasty the three times we played while they where here, the game hooked me badly, even with the bad shots and the nasty weather.†¦show more content†¦When swinging the club back to the ball in the downswing try driving the leading edge of the club into ground 12 inches behind the ball, (you can’t actually drive in the ground, because the arch of the swing won’t allow it). What it will do is cause a steeper trajectory into the ball, catching the ball first and then taking a proper divot in front of the ball. The most common problem in golf is the slicing of the golf ball (the ball starts to the right of the target and goes further right). The cause in most cases is the over the top move beginning golfers tend to make, this is when the upper body mainly the hands, arms and shoulders move toward the target before the lower body has moved. The proper sequence is the reverse of the back swing, in the backswing the hands, arms and shoulders all move back together, the hips resist movement in the beginning and then begin to rotate later in the backswing. The downswing should be the reverse of the backswing, the hips moving first with a lateral shift back to the left and then turning so your belt buckle is facing the target at the end of the swing. This clearing of the hips allows the hands and arms to swing in close to the body keeping the clubface square to the target. The less common problem is the hooking of the golf ball, (the ball starts left and continues further left). The rotating of the right hand too quickly over the left through the hittingShow MoreRelatedPersonal Strategic Plan1544 Words   |  7 Pages Personal Strategic Plan Zachary Palmer Indiana University East 1. Mission/Vision/Competitive Advantage My long term personal mission in my career is to own and run a hugely successful eighteen-hole PGA certified golf course. I envision my shorter term career goals as being stepping stones to this. Being financially comfortable and secure, eventually having enough capital to invest in a business is a major focus of mine. 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Flamenco and the Spanish Culture - 619 Words

You can learn a lot about a country based on the music that’s produced there. The music of Spain is rich in both history and culture. Many different musical styles have originated from various locations through Spain such as Flamenco from Andalusia, the Galician bagpipe music from Galicia and the classical guitar music that originated throughout Spain in the early . Spanish music is very diverse and reflects the large cultural differences between regions. The music of Spain has also had a large impact on the music of western cultures.(Music of Spain). Flamenco is a form of Spanish folk music which originated in Andalusia in the south of the country. This type of music as we know it today is a spectacle which is made up for four different elements Cante-Voice, Baile-Dance, Toque-Guitar, and the Jaleo, which roughly translated means â€Å"hell raising† and involves hand clapping, foot stomping, and encouraging shouts of the audience (Flamenco - History.). 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Hiv In Children In The Uk Effects On The Child And Family Free Essays

string(68) " to safeguard their future potential and the sustenance of society\." Introduction The overarching theme of this essay is the effect of child health on the child and family. Concepts of health and illness are explored in pursuit of ways in which children’s health can be protected and maintained on different levels. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and its consequent disease state (AIDS) have in recent decades become a notable pandemic affecting the lives and livelihoods of ever increasing numbers of patients and the affected (UNICEF, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Hiv In Children In The Uk: Effects On The Child And Family or any similar topic only for you Order Now HIV is a terminal (lifelong) illness. However, advances in modern medicine, the improved availability and effectiveness of drug regimens means that the disease can now be managed better, enabling enhanced and prolonged lives for the infected (UNAIDS, 2008). It is therefore imperative that knowledge of HIV is improved, as this will help develop effective strategies for the promotion of affected children’s health, particularly in their formative years. In this regard, the understanding of factors influencing the health of children enables the raising awareness of the opportunities for effective health promotion. It aslo encourages focus on the effects of illness and poor health on the children and their families (Judd, et al., 2007). The effect of HIV in children in the UK and the overall health and well-being of children living with HIV including those exposed through maternal infection; children vulnerable to the impacts of HIV and AIDS such as those who have been orphaned, those living outside parental care, or in poor families; and children who are especially vulnerable to exposure to HIV because of their circumstances, such as those injecting drugs and those who are abused or sexually exploited, is the focus of this essay. This exploration of child health is conducted with particular focus on HIV in children in the UK. The incidence, prevalence, and changing patterns of disease are discussed backed by statistical evidence which enables the contextualization of the child health issue. The impacts of child health policies and provisions on the well-being of the child and family are also explored. Trends in child health issues Often, and to most people, health is considered to be the absence of disease or ill-health. However, advances in research into health have led to the identification of several influences making it essential to enhance this limited definition to encompass these. Health derives from the interaction of complex aspects and factors in a child’s environment such as genetic endowment and behavioural responses, each constantly affecting and influencing the other (Glanz, et al., 2008). In consideration of this, WHO defines health as, â€Å"†¦ a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity† (WHO, 2005). Health can therefore be identified as a resource for daily life, a positive concept that emphasizes physical capabilities, as well as personal and social resources which infer the maintenance and optimization of function through time (Hall and Elliman, 2006). Child health, in this regard, is defined as the extent to which an individual child or groups of children are able or enabled to: develop and realize their full potential; satisfy their needs; and, develop capacity allowing their successful interaction with their physical, biological and social environment (Silberfeld, 2007; UNICEF, 2009). Comprehensive health promotion is based on the recognition that health and well-being are a result of the interaction of various multiple factors such as biological, psychological, social, cultural, and physical (Albon and Mukherji, 2008). In this regard, child health has to be looked at holistically to encompass not only the absence of illness but also other essential development aspects such as a healthy environment in which to grow and develop, play and learn. Based on this view and crucial to the assessment of child health, three domains are defined: health condition (the illnesses and disorders of body systems such as disease, injury, impairment, or signs and symptoms); functioning (the manifestations of health in daily life reflecting the direct and indirect effects of health); and, health potential (the development of health assets (capacities or reserves) that provide the capacity for response to physical, psychological, and social challenges as well as risk states which lead to vulnerability to poor health) (Green and Tones, 2010). Child health has at its core the growth and development of healthy children with capacity to reach their full potential as citizens of the world. Effects of poverty and inequality, for instance, may result in other compound factors such as poor nutrition, opportunity for educational development, and violence in the neighbourhood (physical safety), all of which lead to poor child health and/or health potential (Jones, et al., 2007; Wall, 2010). Poverty is often linked to poor health outcomes and significantly impacts children who suffer disproportionately, childhood being the most vulnerable periods in the life course (Wall, 2010). This is especially significant since a child’s quality of life is interwoven with the life and experience of the family in which they live or their carers. Without addressing problems affecting the child at home such as poverty, nutrition, housing, safety, as well as socio-cultural factors, the best quality of life for the child may not be attained (Department of Health, 2009; Shaw, et al., 2005). Such problems have been shown to have effects on health and well-being of individuals, and espec ially children in their critical and sensitive phases of development. Child health has gained significance from the realization of critical differences from adult health with consideration of broader aspects of health specific to children being elucidated (National Research Council (US)/ Institute of Medicine (US), 2004; British Medical Association, 1999). Differences with adult health include: dependence on adult carers or family for their raising, determination of diets, and access to services; different manifestations of poor health; developmental differences with more focus on children’s cognitive, emotional, social and physical growth critical in their growth and development; and their demography, with a large proportion of children in the UK living in poverty (Albon and Mukherji, 2008; UNICEF, 2009). Due to these critical issues, children’s health should be given due regard and attention to safeguard their future potential and the sustenance of society. You read "Hiv In Children In The Uk: Effects On The Child And Family" in categor y "Essay examples" Appropriate approaches should encompass comprehensive and coordinated care to address the needs of both adults and children in a family setting meeting overall health and social care needs (Adams, et al., 2002). Studies on child health in the UK conducted by the Department of Helath and private agencies have shown that practically all aspects of health fare worse among children from less affluent families and communities creating a link between poverty and poor child health (UNICEF, 2009; Hall and Elliman, 2006). Others studies conducted globally have aslo obtained similar findings, a direct relationship between illness and mortality (morbidity) with manifestations of deprivation whether social or economic such as poverty and unemployment. This shows that health differences are largely the product of the inequality in the distribution of wealth and income (). Currently, 3.5 million children live in poverty in the UK, almost a third of all the children. Close to half of this population live in conditions of severe poverty with families having as little as ?12 per day per person to cater for every need (food, toys, clothing, electricity and heating, and transport). Additionally, 18% dependent children in the UK live in households where no adults are in employment (UNICEF, 2009). This paints a grim picture for their overall health and well-being. This situation is made dire with regard to chronic illnesses such as HIV and AIDS affecting children directly or indirectly, often altering the capacity and ability of adult caregivers in their role, catering for the affected children. Often the condition also results in loss of parents or caregivers infected with the disease (Judd, et al., 2007). With poverty, the provision of good nutrition essential particularly for disease management in condition of HIV, quality housing in safe neighbourhoods and overall health promoting lifestyles is challenged. The HIV and AIDS condition is also prone to stigma and social segregation, which significantly enhances inequality over and above that due to poverty (Shaw, et al., 2005). These combined, and in addition to other environmental and social factors such as the relationships in the family and community, may profoundly impact the health of affected children. The nature and strength of such interactions may differ across an individual’s lifespan, and early influences may set in place a series of vulnerabilities and strengths that could significantly affect the fullness of life (Silberfeld, 2007). The HIV infection and its health consequences are discussed below exploring statistical evidence on incidence, prevalence and changing patterns of disease. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Like all viruses, HIV cannot grow or reproduce independently and needs to infect cells of living organisms in order to replicate (to make new copies of themselves). However, unlike other viruses which are killed and cleared by the human immune system, HIV attacks essential components of the immune system itself, the T-helper cells of the immune system. The destruction of the cells of the immune system weakens the immune system until the body is no longer able to fight off other infections that it would usually be able to prevent, a condition referred to as AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). These subsequent infections are what lead to the death of the affected individual. They include conditions such as Tuberculosis, Kaposi’s sarcoma, among many others, often referred to as opportunistic infections (UNAIDS, 2008). HIV infection in children is often a result of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) with a vast majority occurring due to maternofetal transmission of blood during birth or during postnatal breast-feeding. Other transmission routes such as through the sharing of needles in intravenous drug use or sexual activity/abuse are rare and only rise as children approach puberty (WHO, 2005). Overall, in the UK, over 2000 children aged 14 and under diagnosed with HIV as at end of June 2012 have been infected through MTCT. The population of children infected accounts for approximately 2% of overall HIV infections (Judd, et al., 2007). In 2011, there were 73,659 people in the UK diagnosed with HIV and receiving care. This number has increased every year in the previous decade, a 58% increase from 2002. 1 in every 500 men and 1 in 1000 women live with HIV and 1% of the total number of people receiving care are children under 15. Unfortunately, more people continue to be infected compounding the health problem (UNICEF, 2011). It is noteworthy that a study conducted between 2003 and 2006 did show that 64% of HIV-positive children resident in the UK had been born abroad with the unlinked anonymous surveillance program of 2006 that 1 in every 440 women giving birth in England and Scotland were HIV-positive with a 0.09% prevalence of previously undiagnosed infection. In the decade to 2006, the prevalence of HIV in women born in the UK increased by 66% (Judd et al., 2007). Children affected by HIV not only suffer from the direct effects of the disease state but also from the fact that their primary caregivers are often also affected, struggling with the effects of the disease, or have died from the disease (UNICEF, 2011). The management of the disease condition also entails long-term complex medication regimes which require readiness and motivation of affected individuals to pursue antiretroviral therapy to slow down its effects. Compliance with treatment regimens and good nutrition enables infected individuals to live long healthy lives enabling the recovery of their immune systems to robust state (Judd et al., 2007). A significant challenge to HIV’s life-long treatment regime is the problem of compliance, and with regard to children who often are difficult to administer medications to, the unavailability of paediatric formulations due to their relatively low prevalence, as well as the adverse side effects of medication present notable problems with the management of the condition (Judd et al., 2007). Children are also usually dependent on adult caregivers and with them probably also dealing with their own challenges, compliance and proper management of disease may not be achieved (Wall, 2010). It is therefore important to consider supporting the entire family rather than the individual child to achieve their overall well-being and health. This can best be achieved through effective health promotion strategies. Health promotion strategies associated with HIV in the UK Health promotion refers to the process in which people are enabled to increase control over their own health and its influences thereby achieving improvement in their health. This occurs primarily through the development of public policies of health addressing the prerequisites such as income, food security, housing, employment, and quality working conditions; as well as preventive and protective mechanisms (Department of Health, 2013). The UK’s government targets and objectives for the improvement of children’s and young people’s health nationally and locally is outlined in its overarching three year Public Service Agreements (PSA). They include the following: reduction in child poverty; improvement of the health and well-being of children and young people; improvement of child safety; enhancement of numbers of children and young people on the path to success; providing health and better care for all, including the tackling of health inequalities, as well as; enhancing participation in education and sport (Department of Health, 2009). These targets and objectives govern the development of laws, rules, and regulations developed at various levels of government (national, state or local). They determine the availability of public support services, as well as the regulation of the provision of services administered by private entities. These are integral to how communities in the entire region operate (Green and Tones, 2010). However, despite these endeavours and the Government’s statutory requirement to end child poverty by 2020 (as enshrined in the Child Poverty Act, 2010), it is predicated that by then, unfavourable policies and economic situation/constraints will push another 1 million children into poverty (Shaw, et al., 2005). Particular focus in HIV in children is the prevention especially of Mother-to-Child Transmission (MTCT) which is the main cause of their HIV infection. Several initiatives are undertaken, in this regard, such as the Unlinked Anonymous Surveillance program and the Voluntary confidential reporting mechanisms enhancing surveillance of this transmission route. These initiatives rely on voluntary confidential reports from paediatricians and obstetricians, as well as the use of prophylaxis (anti-retroviral therapy) to prevent transmission. These surveillance initiatives have had huge success leading to a sharp decrease of infections, with continued application of appropriate interventions having the promise of reduction of transmission rates to less than 1% (Judd et al., 2007). Children who have a confirmed HIV seroconversion should receive infectious disease management from specialist paediatricians. They should be involved in decisions about their care as much as possible, even when their capacity for independent decision is low (Judd et al., 2007). This is catered for in the long term plans of the Department of Health and the Department for Children, Schools and Families set out in the NHS Next Stage Review, The Children’s Plan and Healthy Lives, and Brighter Futures: The Strategy for Children and Young People’s Health. These reflect the Government’s ambition of enhancing child health with one of the main running themes being to refocus children’s health services as closer home as possible (Department of Health, 2009). This is achieved through managing children through ambulatory care and community based teams at home, school, and voluntary activity settings as, regarding HIV, longer term care provision continues intermittentl y throughout the lives of affected children. Health providers, agencies and voluntary teams have, as a result of changes in approach towards family and community-based care, developed working partnerships to work closely with families and children in treatment-oriented services, health promotion, and community-based care, contributing to better management, knowledge of condition and requirements, as well as strict adherence to regimen and overall well-being (Green and Tones, 2010; Adams, et al., 2002). Tactful communication of information on health to children is required as they try to find logic about illness and its causes developing from incomprehension to concrete and formal logical explanations as they mature(Wall, 2010). Health beliefs and behaviour The beliefs that people have about health problems, perception of potential benefits accrued from action, barriers to action, and individual ability and capacity can serve to explain engagement or lack in behaviour that promotes health (Glanz et al., 2008). Several perceptions, individual characteristics, and condition can serve to influence such behaviour and to drive or impede action. These include: Perceived seriousness or severity of health problem and its potential consequences (beliefs about the disease itself); Perceived susceptibility or assessment of potential risks of developing health problem (Judd et al., 2007); Perceived benefits of action or initiative; Perceived barriers such as inconvenience, expense, adverse effects of treatment, and discomfort preventing engagement; Individual characteristics including demographic (age, sex, race, ethnicity, education, etc.), psychosocial (personality, social class, and pressure from reference or peer groups, etc.), structural (previous contact with disease or knowledge about it) Triggers or cues to action which prompt engagement in health-promoting behaviour such as pain and symptoms (internal), and events or information from media, other people, health provides, or the illness of other individuals (external) – the intensity is attached to the perceived threat (Glanz et al., 2008) Self-efficacy/ability which refers to the confidence in one’s ability to alter outcomes which is often a key component in health behaviour change (Judd et al., 2007; Glanz et al., 2008). It is noteworthy that the behaviour of children with regard to health influences and is influenced by parents, peers and others (members of the community, health service providers, among others) (Glanz et al., 2008). However, the behaviour of children, just as parenting response and style may directly affect the ability to adhere to treatment regimen affecting compliance and thereby outcome of treatment. With a lack of understanding and underestimation of the threat of health problem leading to a lack of appreciation of its seriousness, their susceptibility, and the general causes and progress of disease, children affected by HIV may not be keen to adhere to their treatment regimen. This is especially so in HIV infection since, with proper management and care, symptoms exhibit intermittently. Adverse effects of medication which are common, the inconvenience of daily medication, and social issues such as segregation, therefore, act as barriers to their promotion of health-promoting behaviour (Judd et al., 2007). Family demography is also a significant influence on health behaviour with regard to its composition, financial status and parental education (British Medical Association, 1999). Low-income parents and especially those impacted by chronic illness are often considered to be at greater risk for depression and psychological distress, and consequently low self-worth and control impacting their ability to cope with adverse life experiences. They are therefore often engaged in compensatory poor health habits and detrimental behaviour such as smoking, substance abuse and violence negatively impacting health promotion for them and their dependents and worsening outcomes of illness (UNICEF, 2011). Poverty and its associated limiting factors also impacts compliance making factors such as costs of medication to be perceived as barriers with the little available resources used up on other essentials such as food and housing ignoring potential adverse consequences to health (Glanz et al., 2008). Conclusion As childhood disease burden shifts from acute infectious illnesses to chronic, long-term disease, the care of affected children becomes increasingly important. Early health particularly with regard to child health significantly influences future health and potential of not only the individual but the entire society. Greater focus need be trained on overall health and well-being of children, and particularly those infected and affected with HIV as it is often the case that their families are also adversely affected and likely unable, due to numerous challenges, to guarantee quality and comprehensive care. References Adams, L., M., Amos, and J., Munro, 2002. Promoting Health: Politics and Practice. London: Sage Albon, D., and P., Mukherji, 2008. Food and Health in Early Childhood. London: Sage Bartley, M., 2004. Health Inequalities. An Introduction to Theories, Concepts and Methods. Cambridge: Polity Press Blaxter, M., 2010. Health. 2nd Edn Cambridge: Polity Press British Medical Association, 1999. Growing up in Britain: Ensuring a Healthy Future for our Children. London: BMA Department of Health, 2013. Child Health Profiles, 2013. London: Department of Health Department of Health, 2009. Healthy Lives, Brighter Futures: The Strategy for Children and Young People’s Health. London: Department of HealthGlanz, K., K., Barbara, K., Viswanath, 2008. Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0-7879-9614-7. Graham, H., (ed.), 2009. Understanding Health Inequalities 3rd Edn. Buckingham: Open University Press Green, J., and K., Tones, 2010. Health Promotion: Planning and Strategies 2nd ed. London: Sage Hall, D. and D., Elliman, (eds.), 2006. Health for All Children. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jones, P., D., Moss, P., Tomlinson, and S., Welch, (eds.), 2007. Childhood: Services and provision for Children. Harlow: Pearson Judd A., K., Doerholt, P., Tookey, et al, 2007. â€Å"Morbidity, mortality, and response to treatment by children in the United Kingdom and Ireland with perinatally -acquired HIV infection during 1996-2006: Planning for teenage and adult care.† In: Clinical and Infectious Disease. 2007 Oct 1; 45 (7):918-24; and Epub. 2007 Aug 27. National Research Council (US); Institute of Medicine (US), 2004. Children’s Health, The Nation’s Wealth: Assessing and Improving Child Health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press Shaw, M., G., Davey Smith, and D., Dorling, 2005. â€Å"Health inequalities and New Labour: how the promises compare with real progress.† In: British Medical Journal, 2005; 330:1016-1021 (30 April) Silberfeld, C., 2007. â€Å"Developing as a strong and healthy child?† In: Wild, M Mitchell, H (Eds.) Early Childhood Studies: a reflective reader. Exeter: Learning Matters Peate, I Whiting, L (Eds.) (2006) Caring for Children and Families Chichester: John Wiley UNAIDS, 2008. Report on the global AIDS epidemic. UNAIDS UNICEF, 2011. Taking evidence to impact: making a difference for vulnerable children living in a world with HIV and AIDS. New York: UNICEF UNICEF, 2009. The State of the World’s Children. New York: UNICEF Wall, K., 2010. Special Needs and Early Years: A practitioner’s guide. 3rd ed. London: Paul Chapman World Health Organization, 2005. Global map of prevalence of paediatric HIV/AIDS How to cite Hiv In Children In The Uk: Effects On The Child And Family, Essay examples

Lincolns Journey to Emancipation Essay Example For Students

Lincolns Journey to Emancipation Essay He comes to us in the mists of legend as a kind of homespun Socrates, brimming withprarie wit and folk wisdom. There is a counterlegend of Lincoln, one shared ironicallyenough by many white Southerners and certain black Americans of our time. Neither ofthese views, of course, reveals much about the man who really livedlegend and politicalAs a man, Lincoln was complex, many-sided, and richly human. He was anintense, brooding person, he was plagued with chronic depression most of his life. At thetime he even doubted his ability to please or even care about his wife. Lincoln remained amoody, melancholy man, given to long introspection about things like death and mortality. Preoccupied with death, he was also afraid to insanity. Lincoln was a teetotaler becauseliquor left him flabby and undone, blurring his mind and threatening his self-control. One side of Lincoln was always Supremely logical and analytical, he was intrigued by theclarity of mathematics. As a self-made man, Lincoln felt embarrassed about his log-cabinorigins and never liked to talk about them. By the 1850s, Lincoln was one of the mostsought after attorney in Illinois, with a reputation as a lawyers lawyer. Though a man ofstatus and influence, Lincoln was as honest in real life as in legend. Politically, Lincolnwas always a nationalist in outlook , an outlook that began when he was an Indiana farmboy tilling his farther mundane wheat field. Lincoln always maintained that he had always hated human bondage, as much asany abolitionist. He realized how wrong it was that slavery should exist at all in aself-proclaimed free Republic. He opposed slavery, too, because he had witnessed someof its evils firsthand. What could be done? So went Lincolns argument before 1854. Tosolve the ensuing problem of racial adjustment, Lincoln insisted that the federalgovernment should colonize all blacks in Africa, an idea he got from his political idol,Then came 1854 and the momentous Kansas-Nebraska Act , brainchild ofLincolns archrival Stephen A. Douglas. At once a storm of free-soil protest broke acrossthe North, and scores of political leaders branded the Kansas-Nebraska Act as part of asinister Southern plot to extend slavery and augment Southern political power inWashington. The train of ominous events from Kansas-Nebraska to Dred Scott shookLincoln to his foundations. Lincoln waded into the middle of the antiextension fight. By1858, Li ncoln, like a lot of other Republicans, began to see a grim proslavery conspiracyat work in the United States. The next step in the conspiracy would be to nationalizeslavery: the Taney Court, Lincoln feared, would hand down another decision, onedeclaring that states could not prohibit slavery. For Lincoln and his Republicancolleagues, it was imperative that the conspiracy be blocked in its initial stage theexpansion of slavery into the West. Douglas fighting for his political life in free-soilIllinois, lashed back at Lincoln with unadulterated racebaiting. Forced to take a standagainst Douglas ruin him with his allegations, Lincoln conceded that he was not for Negropolitical or social equality. Exasperated with Douglas and white Negrophobia in general,Lincoln begged American whites to discard all this quibbling about this man and the othermanthis race and that race and the other race as being inferior. Lincoln lost the 1857Senate contest to Douglas. Yet for the benefit of the South erners, he repeated that he andhis party would nor hurt slavery in the South. But Southerns refused to believe anythingAt the outset of the war, Lincoln strove to be consistent with all that he and hisparty had said about slavery: his purpose in the struggle was strictly to save the Union. There were other reasons for Lincolns hands-off policy about slavery. He was alsowaging a bipartisan war effort, with Northern Democrats and Republicans alike enlistingin his armies to save the Union. But the pressures and problems of civil war causedLincoln to change his mind and abandon his hands policy about slavery and hurl anexecutive fist at slavery in the rebel states. Sumner, Lincolns personal friend wasespecially persistent in advocating the freeing of the slaves. Sumner, as a major Lincolnadviser on foreign affairs, also linked emancipation to foreign policy. Black and Whiteabolitionists belabored that point too. The pressure on Lincoln to strike at slavery wasunrelenting. On that score slaves themselves were contributing to the pressures onLincoln to emancipate them. Lincoln however stubbornly rejected a presidential moveagainst slavery. Nevertheless he was sympathetic to the entire rage of arguments Sumnerand his associates rehearsed for him. In March 1862, he proposed a plan to Congress hethought might work: a gradual, compensated emancipation program to commence in theloyal border states. At the same time, the federal government would sponsor acolonization program, which was to be entirely voluntary. If his gradual state-guided planwere adopted, Lincoln contended that a presidential decreefederally enforcedemancipationwould never be necessary. The plan failed. Most of the border menHe had given this a lot of grave and painful thought, he said, and had concludedthat a presidential declaration of emancipation was the alternative, that is was a militarynecessity absolutely essential to the preservation of the Union. On July 22, 1862,Lincoln summoned his cabinet me mbers and read them a draft of a preliminaryEmancipation Proclamation. Contrary to what many historians have said Lincolnsprojected Proclamation went further than anything Congress had done. But Seward andother cabinet secretaries dissuaded him from issuing his Proclamation in July. Lincolnfinally agreed to wait, but he was not happy about it: the way George B. McClellan andhis other generals had been fighting in the Eastern theater, Lincoln had no idea that hewould have a victory. One of the great ironies of the war was that McClellan presentedLincoln with the triumph he needed. As in turned out, the preliminary Proclamationignited racial discontent in much of the lower North, escpecially the Midwest. Republicananalysists, Lincoln included, conceded that the preliminary Proclamation was a majorfactor in the Republican losses. In the final Proclamation Lincoln temporarily exemptedoccupied Tennessee and certain occupied places in Louisiana and Virginia. Out theProclamation went to an anxious and dissident nation. Lincolns Proclamation was the most revolutionary measure ever to come from anAmerican president up to that time. Moreover, word of the Proclamation hummed acrossthe slave grapevine in the Confederacy; and as Union armies grew near, more slaves thanever ran away. The Proclamation also opened the army to the black volunteers, and theNorthern free Negros and Southern ex-slaves now enlisted as Union soldiers. Unhappily,the blacks fought in segregated units and until late in the war received less pay thanwhites. After the Proclamation Lincoln had to confront the problem of race adjustment, ofwhat to do with all the blacks liberated in the South. As a consequence, Lincoln had justabout concluded that whites and liberated blacks must somehow learn to live together inthis country. Even so, emancipation remained the most explosive and unpopular act ofLincoln s presidency. When he won the election of 1864, Lincoln interpreted it as apopular mandate for him and h is emancipation policy. As it happened , the Senate in May1864 had already passed an emancipation amendment the present 13th amendment butthe House failed to approve it. Lincoln pronounced the amendment a great moralvictory and a Kings cure for the evils of slavery. .u5e327c6dcc67d5ee0032e94f12f526dd , .u5e327c6dcc67d5ee0032e94f12f526dd .postImageUrl , .u5e327c6dcc67d5ee0032e94f12f526dd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5e327c6dcc67d5ee0032e94f12f526dd , .u5e327c6dcc67d5ee0032e94f12f526dd:hover , .u5e327c6dcc67d5ee0032e94f12f526dd:visited , .u5e327c6dcc67d5ee0032e94f12f526dd:active { border:0!important; } .u5e327c6dcc67d5ee0032e94f12f526dd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5e327c6dcc67d5ee0032e94f12f526dd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5e327c6dcc67d5ee0032e94f12f526dd:active , .u5e327c6dcc67d5ee0032e94f12f526dd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5e327c6dcc67d5ee0032e94f12f526dd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5e327c6dcc67d5ee0032e94f12f526dd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5e327c6dcc67d5ee0032e94f12f526dd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5e327c6dcc67d5ee0032e94f12f526dd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5e327c6dcc67d5ee0032e94f12f526dd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5e327c6dcc67d5ee0032e94f12f526dd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5e327c6dcc67d5ee0032e94f12f526dd .u5e327c6dcc67d5ee0032e94f12f526dd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5e327c6dcc67d5ee0032e94f12f526dd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Business Ethics EssayLincoln concede that he had not controlled the events of the war, but that theevents of the war controlled him instead, that God controlled him. In the past paragraphof his address, Lincoln said he would bind the nations wounds with malice toward noneand charity for all. Moreover, in a cabinet meeting on Good Friday, 1865, Lincoln andall his Secretaries endorsed the military approach to the reconstruction and conceded thatan army of occupation would be necessary to control the rebellious white majority in theHe had come a long distance from the young Lincoln who entered politics, quieton slavery lest he be branded an abolitionist, opposed to Negro poli tical rights lest hispolitical career be jeopardized, convinced that only the future could remove slavery inAmerica. But perhaps it was Lincoln himself who summed up his journey to theemancipation his own as well as that of the slaves. Fellow-citizens, we cannot escapehistoryThe fiery trail through which we pass, will light us down, in honor or dishonor, toBibliography:

The Conflict In Ideologies Between Capitalism And Communism Essay Example For Students

The Conflict In Ideologies Between Capitalism And Communism Essay resulted in one of the greatest conflicts of the twentieth century. The belief that freedom and democracy would die undercommunist rule caused the United States to start a conflict thatwould last for decades. The decisions made by the United Statesin W.W.II caused tensions to rise between the U. S. and theSoviet Union. Fear of Communism in capitalist nations, causedthe United states government to use propaganda to raise ColdWar anxieties. Furthermore, the American media influenced theattitudes of Americans, making a hatred of communism spreadthough the nation. Thus, the United States caused the conflictknown as the Cold War, through its political policy andpropaganda. We will write a custom essay on The Conflict In Ideologies Between Capitalism And Communism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The political relations going on in Europe during anddirectly after World War II had an enormous effect on laying thefoundation for the Cold War. War time conferences such as Yaltaand Terhran harshened the relationship between the communistsand the capitalists. At the end of W.W.II American policytowards the Soviets changed drastically. The change in presidentin 1945 caused relations with Russia to worsen. Furthermore,other political contributions to the Cold War entailed the TrumanDoctrine and the Marshall Plan. The division of Europe betweenthe west and east drew physical borders which outlined that thewar of misinformation that had began. Also treaties of the postwar world further separated the two super powers of the worldfor the decades to follow. The waging of hot wars through othercountries also strengthened Cold War hatred.(1)The first of the cold war tensions arose out of W.W.IIconferences between the Soviet Union, America and, GreatBritain. Tehran, the first major conferenc e which lead America tostart the Cold War, included all three of these nations. At thisconference the reshaping of post-war Europe was discussed (2)Later in February of 1945, the big three met again at Yalta. Atthis conference European boundaries, German reparations, andPolish elections were agreed upon.(3) Stalin, the Russian leader,agreed to hold free and fair elections. Later after Roosevelt, whoattended these conferences, died Truman became president. Heaccused the Soviet leader, Stalin, of not holding up to hisagreements at Yalta.(4) Stalin wanted to use Poland as a bufferzone to prevent any future invasions from happening through thisarea. During W.W.II the Soviets had lost 27 million, and Stalinmade it clear that in no way would he allow this to happenagain.(5) Stalin responded to Trumans accusation with thefollowing words, I am ready to fulfill your request and doeverything possible to reach a harmonious solution. But youdemand too much of me. In other words, you demand that Irenounce the interests of security of the Soviet Union, but Icannot turn against my country.(6) On the other hand, AmericanGeneral Lucius Clay, who was stationed in post war Germanycommented we must have the courage to proceed quickly withthe establishment of a government for western Germany42million Germans in the British and American zones representtoday the strongest outpost against Communist penetration thatexists anywhere.(7) At this response Truman changed hisattitude toward the Soviets with the words, there isnt anydifference between the totalitarian Russian government and theHitler government.(8) Furthermore, America decided to keepStalin out of the loop about the Manhattan project, whichfurthered distrust, because Stalin learn about the bomb throughespionage. Trumans change in attitude toward Stalin, from thatof FDRs negotiation with Uncle Joe to one committed tostopping the Soviet cause, led to the creation of a new Americananti-Soviet political policy. The Truman Doctrine, the name given to the policyestablished by Truman, would soon arise in American foreignpolicy. This Truman Doctrine came out of a speech the Trumangave to a joint session of congress. It was the response Trumangave to Britain, which delcared that they no longer could givemilitary and economic aid to Greece.(9) In this speech Trumanfinally gave the Cold War official status, by stating the threatthat the Soviet government had on national security. InTrumans actual words he said, I believe that it must be thepolicy of the United States to support free peoples who areresisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or byoutside pressures.(10) Congress, knowing that Great Britainwould no longer give aid the Turkey and Greece, realized thatthese nations would soon turn to communism. Thus, theydecided to appropriate four hundred million dollars to help in theaid of Turkey and Greece.(11). To support Trumans policySenator Author Vandenburg stated its time to scare th e hell outof the American people with tales of communism on themarch.(12) Thus, America was further contributed to cold warissues by committing to stop the spread of communism in areasof the world very remote from them. .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 , .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 .postImageUrl , .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 , .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95:hover , .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95:visited , .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95:active { border:0!important; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95:active , .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95 .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2f029b88060b4b4289f9eb0fbf2d6a95:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: AMERICANS GETTING TOUGH EssayAmericas next political actions further caused the ColdWar to escalate. In 1947, George C. Marshall the Secretary ofthe state at the time gave a speech at Harvard university whichreveled his plans for the an after war economy. Marshall askedthat all of the countries of Europe communists and capitalistsalike to draw up a plan for economic recovery from the war.(13)The Soviets refused to participate, because they saw it asAmerica using money to buy its way into good terms with Europe. In the words of the Soviet foreign minister Molotov, the Marshallplan was nothing but a vicious American scheme for usingdollars to buy its way.(14) In the end, the United States sent 13billion over to Western Europe to support economic recovery.(15)The Soviet Union saw this as an American attempt to keep any ofthese countries from turning to communism, which would closethem off as US markets. Thus, the Marshall plan furthercontributed to a Soviet cause to continue waging a Cold War. In1949 America helped to organize a treaty against communism. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO included thefollowing nations : Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland,Italy, the Netherlands, Luxemberg, Norway, Portugal , the UnitedStates. This treaty showed a clear division of Communismverses Capitalism, and it declared that an attack against one ofthese nations would be an attack on all of them.(16) Thus, theUnited States used this treaty to escalate the cold War byshowing the Soviet Union that all of the NATO countries sidedwith the US in the Cold War. Finally, the United states wagedhot wars through other nations; instead in actually declaring waragainst the Soviet Union. These hot wars in Korea and again inVietnam. Both of these wars resulted from the United Statestrying to contain Communism from spreading throughout theworld. (17) Thus, all of the United States political actions furthercontributed to the Cold War cause. The political actions Of the United States from the time ofW.W.II onward caused the Cold War conflict. The conferences ofW.W.II set the tone for a time period of distrust between theSoviet union and the United States. With a new president inoffice Cold War policy was officialy began. Furthermore, fromthat point on the policy of the United States delcared itself asanti-Communist from that point on. Thus, to get the Americanpublic to side with the government on the issue of communism,America turned to the use of propaganda. The United States used propaganda and other influences toget the American public scared of communism and in support ofthe cold war. First congress began to use HUAC to stop filmsfrom having to much of a communist appeal to them(18)Furthermore, HUAC investigated people for being communistspies. Both Julius and Ethel Rosenburg and Alger Hiss, peopleaccused of being communist spies suffered conviction. Thiscaused the anti-Communist attitude in the United States to growtremendously. Thus, the American government used a federalorganization to further the publics hatred of communism. Nextan American Senator named Joseph R. McCarthy would lead aseries of trials against communists in the United States.(19)Most of the people that Macarthy accused of being communistreached conviction. This happened despite the fact that many ofthe accused were not in fact communists.(20) This situation hascompares to the Salem Witch trials; notably like the witch trialthe main outcome of the Macarthy trial srt uck fear into Americanpublic. Thus, the McCarthy trial increased anti-Communisthatred in the US and scared anyone out of committing tocommunist party for fear of their life. Therefore, the McCarthytrials acted as form of US propaganda, which gathered Americansupport for the Cold War against the Soviets. Moreover, withthe publication of George Orwells book 1984, anti-communistpropaganda increased. This book showed the United Statesunder a communist dictatorship. Thus, as propaganda this bookincreased the general anticommunist attitude of the Americanpublic.(20) Moreover, Hollywood began to produceanti-Communist films such as The Red Menace, which increaseda fear of communism in the United States.(21) Thus, the actionsof the American government, journalist, and media increased thegeneral anti-Communist support for the Cold War. .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 , .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 .postImageUrl , .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 , .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722:hover , .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722:visited , .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722:active { border:0!important; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722:active , .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722 .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub96cd7ccdd31e2145ebef2d2a3d86722:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How To Make Money Selling Item EssayThe American media also contributed to the Cold Warpropaganda in and out of the United States. American journalistswould commonly make up stories of communism in the UnitedStates in an effort to sell papers and to continue feelings ofanti-communism.(22) Also a radio station called Radio Onebegan to broadcast an anti communist message in Europe.(23)These radio broadcasts defamed the Soviet Union andcommunism and supported democracy and the United States. These broadcasts blatantly attempted to degrade communism,that they were never allowed to be transmitted in America.(24)Therefore, the overall actions of the United States clearly reportspropaganda to increase support for the Cold War, whichdominated American foreign policy for decades. The United States caused the Cold War by the politicaldecisions that in made and through its use of propaganda. Thepolitical decisions made by the United States from W.W.II onwardcaused the Cold War to start and to continue for decades. Moreover, the governments use of propaganda at home ralliedthe American public in an anticommunist attitude, whichsupported the countries political decisions. Thus, the UnitedStates caused the conflict between Democracy and Communism. BibliographyBIBLIOGRAPHYCayton, Andrew, and Elizabeth Israels Perry, and Allan M. Winkler. America Pathways to thePresent . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall,1995. Dudley, William. ed. The Cold War Opposing View Points. San Diego: Greenburg Press Inc.,1992. Gaddis, John Lewis. We Now Know Rethinking the Cold War. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1997. Glynn, Patricia. Closing Pandoras Box.. New York : Harper Collins, 1992. Snyder, Alvin A. Warriors of Disinformation . New York: Arcade Publishing, 1995. Yoder, Edwin M., Jr. Joe Alsops Cold War . Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press,1995. Endnotes1 Andrew Cayton and Elizabeth Israels Perry, and Allan M. Winkler, America Pathways tothe Present , (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall,1995.) p.7172 William Dudley, ed. The Cold War Opposing View Points, (San Diego: GreenburgPress Inc., 1992.) p143 Dudley 144 Dudley 1255 Dudley 1256 Cayton 7207 John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: REthinking the Cold War,(Oxford : Clarendon Press,1997.) p.1198 Cayton 7219 Dudley 1710 Cayton 72411 Cayton 72412 Dudley 1813 Cayton 72414 Cayton 72415 Cayton 72516 Cayton 72517 Patricia Glynn, Closing Pandoras Box., (New York : Harper Collins, 1992.) p.13518 Gaddis 2319 Edwin M. Yoder Jr., Joe Alsops Cold War, (Chapel Hill : The University of NorthCarolina Press, 1995.) p.2320 Glynn 13521 Cayton 73322 Yoder 2223 Alvin A. Snyder, Warriors of Disinformation , (New York: Arcade Publishing, 1995.)p.22124 Snyder 224

Coping with the reaction to your film essays

Coping with the reaction to your film essays Quite commonly during the edit when your program is evolving there is a big difference between what you intend to achieve with a particular scene, sequence or order of these and what a person watching this material for the first time will understand from it. If you keep your production totally to yourself during the whole edit C holding off showing it to any third party until its all  ¡Ã‚ °nice and polished ¡ - the chances are you might build lots of confusing elements into you program. You will get very upset when they point out that it just does not work or that they didn ¡Ã‚ ¯t understand what you thought you were conveying. Your ego is all locked up in this particular edit or even finished program and they say you are wrong or confusing them. With this secretive approach you may well have used up most of your edit schedule and budget before you discover the film is not doing what you think it is. It is well worth while to constantly trying out your evolving edits on respected colleagues or even family [as well of course of actually hearing the feedback of the commissioning editor who has the power to insist] . You know everything about the subject. Your ultimate audience might know nothing about it and will see it only once at 25 frame per second. You need to constantly test whether your intentions are being achieved as you form the structure and refine the program ¡Ã‚ ¯s  ¡story ¡Ã‚ ¯. The key to successfully using this process is to quiz your test audience/s on what they are comprehending and when or if confused at any point C NOT how they would cut it. You are not editing by committee, just seeking reliable feedback as to whether your intentions are working. If you do this throughout the edit and address any concerns and confusions raised in these sessions, by the time your program is complete you are confident that the film is achieving what you want it to with an audience. You can be more relaxed about any criti ...

John Woo as a film auteur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

John Woo as a film auteur - Essay Example In addition to that, John Woo is a very popular and fashionable film director. His actions films are working and bringing money. John Woo is a global iconic figure who has mastered the art of choreographing action sequences, Mexican standoffs and the use of slow motion technology. He used also these techniques in the course of creating his films what helped this person to create a highly alluring cinema that kept audience glued to the screen till the very last second of the film. His main achievement is his ability to incorporate his own unique style. John Woo simply controlled all stages of film production what enabled him to give his films a personal and a distinctive touch. John Woo is known for his constant effort aimed at resurfacing Hong Kong cinema of the 1980’s and 1990’s. The choice of this approach helped John Woo to acquire status of a cult director in Hollywood. Renowned American film theorist and film critic, David Bordwell, has reviewed a number of Wooâ₠¬â„¢s films. After reviewing John Woo’s films he gave the following evaluation to this person: â€Å"Personally, I do like the idea of giving Woo films a new rush of life, however, the man was, and still in many ways is (although it can be debated as to what extent) an auteur, in the truest sense of the word". (South Korean Remake Of John Woo’s A Better Tomorrow Meets Cold Response From Hong Kong Moviegoers) David claims that Woo uses a variety of skills in his films. The choice of this strategy makes John Woo the most remarkable and unique director in his area. David Bordwell also mentioned the fact that while watching Woo’s films in a theatre, you would be so engrossed that your focus would keep shifting from the background to what’s happening in the foreground as well as from left to right. Woo is well known for his habitual action sequences what gives his movie a highly fascinating yet a disciplined style. He is also known for re-inventing action seq uences. This measure helped to improve the quality of his films and to increase the number of people watching the movies of this film director. Regarding the issue of Woo’s technique, I can definitely say that Woo refined the techniques that his predecessors introduced to cinema during the initial stages of its development. The heightened standards of cinema, that he has set is still seen as a goal for modern films. After reviewing John Woo’s film, â€Å"A Better Tomorrow†, Stephen Teo, a filmmaker, critic and film historian, stated that, John Woo â€Å"reintroduced themes of brotherhood, honor and vengeance in the movie, making it boldly appealing for the audience to watch.† (South Korean Remake of John Woo’s A Better Tomorrow Meets Cold Response From Hong Kong Moviegoers) Further he stated that â€Å"Woo borrowed from the theatrical choreography seen in the Wuxia films of the 1960s and 1970s, by incorporating the same style into his shootout sce nes.† (John Woo and the Art of the Action Movie) While critics argue whether or not Woo’s participation in filmmaking should be placed under the Hong Kong new wave or if it falls under the Hong Kong studio system, one cannot deny the fact that Woo has made a big contribution into the development of modern cinema and has made an enormous impact on the manner in which filmmakers produce their films across the world. Hong Kong new wave was a brief period of experimentation for Hong Kong cinema. During this period filmmakers got a chance to

Black reparations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Black reparations - Essay Example The central claims and organising and legal principles of the reparations movement are laid out in the Black Manifesto. The Manifesto is premised on the historical fact that the United States was constitutionally founded on slavery and that the persistence of racial inequality and injustice in American society is derived from slavery. The Manifesto articulates the legal principle for reparations for African Americans. According to Wade Henderson, Executive Director of the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, this principle affirms that for every wrong there is a remedy, and ... that remedy is not extinguished by time itself, particularly when the manifestations of the problem are current day and visible to all1. Judiciously, the Manifesto does not specify how to assess the damage for reparations, calling for congressional hearings to determine the basis for compensation. While the Manifesto implicates the US government as a principal benefactor and enforcer of slavery, it intentionally does not specify the form or forms of reparations, except to call for the establishment of a 'private trust', which may imply financial as well as other forms of restitution. Mazrui has delineated three categories of reparations considered during his membership of the Group of Eminent Persons. The Group was established by the Org anisation for African Unity (OAU) in 1992 to address reparations in the larger context of African slavery and colonisation. The categories, broadly defined, are 'capital transfer', 'skill transfer' and 'empowerment'. The first of the three is self-evident, implying financial compensation; the second concerns the acquisition of skills and presumably knowledge to compensate for the deprivation and underdevelopment caused by slavery and colonisation; the third, 'empowerment', calls for the apportionment to Africa of 'out of proportion power' in institutions like the World Bank and for veto authority in the Security Council of the United Nations. Within these three categories, reparations can take several forms. Historical context The call for reparations in the US is not of recent vintage. On his match through Confederate territory in 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman issued Special Field Order No. 15 on 16 January which reserved land largely in the Sea Islands and on the South Carolina and Georgia coasts for the settlement of freed blacks. That year, nearly 40,000 former slaves settled on 400,000 acres in the 'Sherman Reservation ( Levitt, 1997). Although Sherman (and his contemporaries who advocated land distribution) did not define this as reparations, he ordered that each family of ex-slaves be given not more than forty acres of tillable land' and 'subject to the approval of the President of the United States, a possessory title in writing ( Matsuda, 1987). However, the terms of the land distribution were unclear. Was the federal government leasing or giving title of the land to the ex-slaves When the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Land (aka the Freedmen's Bureau) was established in March 1865, Congress authorised it to lease confiscated or abandoned lands to former slaves who would have the option to 'purchase the land and receive such titles thereto as the United States can convey'. But President Johnson undermined the Bureau's efforts by ordering the restoration of property to the former Confederates he had pardoned. In

Assignment 1 inrenational relation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignment 1 inrenational relation - Term Paper Example The letter sent to former American president George Bush by the current Iranian president in 2006 clearly shows that the differences existing between America and Iran are not related to the nuclear issue alone. In fact the nuclear issue between America and Iran has not been mentioned in this letter. On the other hand, America’s efforts to baptize the entire world to Christianity, war on terror, foreign policies, stands on Middle East crisis etc are some of the major issues mentioned in the letter. This paper analyses the above letter and the prospects of diplomatic breakthrough during the Obama administration if Iran's nuclear file is resolved. Iran and America are two extremely diverse nations with respect to politics, culture, economy legal frame works etc. Iran is an Islamic republic and majority of the Iranian population are Muslims whereas America is a secular democratic country, dominated by Christian religion. â€Å"The government refers to a particular set of institut ions and people authorised by formal documents such as a constitution to pass laws, issue regulations, control the police etc whereas the state includes all the institutions and individuals that exercise power† (Hauss, p.8). ... Like most of the other democratic countries, elections were conducted to select the representatives of Iranian parliament; however the influence of religion and religious leaders in Iranian politics cannot be underestimated or neglected. Even though the president of Iran holds the supreme power in administrative matters, he cannot function against the interests of the religious leaders. In other words, religion holds the supreme power in Iranian politics and social life. Religion does not play any major role in the functioning of democracy in America which is evident from the fact that the current American president Obama not only has a black community origin, but also has a Muslim origin. In other words, America values people based on their individual merits rather than their pedigree or cultural history. Nobody can anticipate a person from another religion becomes the president of Iran. The influence of religion in politics seems to be a curse for Iranians. Because of the excessive influence of religion in politics, Iran forced to sacrifice many of the fundamental principles of democracy and caused immense damages to their political and economical growth. The influence of religion on politics is visible in the letter sent to Bush by Mahmood Ahmadi-Najad. In this letter Mr. Najad tries to connect religious beliefs with politics. He has asked Bush to make clear that whether his activities are in line with the teachings of Jesus Christ or not. The following excerpts are taken from the letter. About Israel: Is support for this regime in line with the teachings of Jesus Christ (PBUH) or Moses (PBUH) or liberal values? About massacres against the prisoners: There are prisoners in Guantanamo Bay that have not been tried, have no legal

Psychological Theories of Death and Dying

Psychological Theories of Death and Dying A Critical Literature Review on Death and Dying. Great distress is suffered at the time of death; however, feelings are quickly withdrawn, and the feelings of numbness and disbelief follow for some time. Many phases of grieving have been documented by researchers. There are passing episodes of separation distress as the bereaved person continues in normal functions routine tasks. Many theories have been put forward to account for death and dying including the Kubler-Ross Model, Beckers Existential View, Freuds Theory of Evolution, the Regret Theory  put forward by Adrian Tomer and Grafton Eliason and many more small theories. The Kà ¼bler-Ross model attempts to explain the process which are experienced by people who deal with grief and tragedy. She proposed the notion of five stages in this process, which terminally ill patients go through the stages of grief are : 1) Denial 2)  Anger  3)  Bargaining  4)  Acceptance  . Kà ¼bler-Ross initially used these stages to any personal loss scenario job, income, freedom, loss of someone or divorce. Kà ¼bler-Ross did state that these steps do not necessarily occur in the stated pattern, she stated that a person will always experience at some stages in her model, although this does not apply to every person. These stages are mostly applied to news of ones own impending death. 1974, Researchers have argued true real grieving begins after the all the stages are over with, and that grief involving its own set of stages, begins with acceptance, where the Kubler-Ross stages end. Kubler-Ross studied the subject of death and dying and developed her model. She found that the dying persons typically experienced a progression toward an adjustment to and an acceptance of death. The order the stages are experiences and the time spend at each stage differs. It can be argued that the stages are not clearly explained as each stage can be interlinked with another. There is no gathered evidence that all the five stages are navigated throughout when dealing with the prospect of death. The route through the stages is not just in one direction for example the stages can occur in random order, or stages can be repeated , even in a spiral of going round and round experiencing the same thing over and over The Kubler-Ross model does not look at other agencies of support , i.e. emotional ties to family, and other relationships, also factors such as loved ones belongings causing grief regression in which depression be experienced again. The way in which loss is experienced may lead to how grief is expressed. A sudden loss or violent loss in which, may cre ate a traumatic loss which is probably tougher to cope with. Freud stated that people feared death because nobody believes in his own death. Furthermore, he stated that the unconscious does not deal with the passing of time Thus he summarised whatever one fears cannot be death because one has never died. Another theory put forward by Becker was the Existential theory. It proposed that death anxiety is real, which involves anxiety being peoples greatest root of concern. This anxiety was very intense that it has the power to generate fears and phobias of everyday life. The impact can result in fear of being alone. In line with this theory, much of peoples routine behaviour involves attempts to deny death and thus keep’s their anxiety under control. Another  theory  put forward by Adrian Tomer and Grafton Eliason was the â€Å"Regret theory† was proposed in 1996. The focus was on the method that people rated their worth of life. People generally feel more anxious if they feel that their accomplishments are not met. Studies have been focused on the cultural impact of ethnicity on attitudes toward death and dying by comparing African-Americans, Asian-Americans, and Hispanic-Americans with a comparison group of Caucasians. They compared their findings to those from Kalish’s and Reynolds’s 1970’s Death and Ethnicity Study, now thought of as a crucial study, cultural differences do exist (not studied deeply) in grieving and therefore causing problems in concurrent validity Kubler Ross’s theory. Critics also suggest that the five stages are not capable of reflecting the full range of human reactions to death and dying. Still other researchers worry that using the term depression for stage four as confusing. Critics question the emotions and ask if these are normal, healthy way to respond to dying or instead, maladaptive psychological and physical symptoms. Criticism of the stage theory put by Tanenbaum is that there exists no real evidence that stages are present in coping with death. He asserts that no evidence that dying people go through the exact Kubler-Ross stages in their proper order. Any patient could experience emotions not even mentioned in the Kubler-Ross stages, or the stages in a different order. Also, there is no evidence that people coping with their impending death move through all of stages one through five. The limitations on the method of research employed by Kubler-Ross is that her method of personal interview was a valid start to her research but another data gathering technique was needed her theory would have been more valid if she had employed this method. The flaws in her work included the gathered data by the interviewer may vary depending on the relationship between the researcher and the patient Also on what was told by the participant is not everything they feel. It has become common for positive value to be placed on the transition of each new stage. This can lead to patients being pressured by family, to move through the stages to progress. Patients may feel that they need to accept their death to die properly simply because thats what the famous theory prescribes. Also, the persons unique personality and identity may be lost as they supposedly move through these generic stages. Each persons experiences are unique and different, so each persons death process is unique. A patients environment can have a great effect on their attitude towards death. A patient in a supportive environment is likely to reveal very different st ages of dying that a patient in a negative and unsupportive environment. There is lack in any real research to help us to deal with issues surrounding dying. Most of the problems with the Kubler-Ross model is in the analysis by society and the mistreatment of her research. More interest and investigation are needed to follow-up her study with more research and data.

The Role of Jews in American Politics Essay -- Jews in Politics, 2015

Since our country was established, immigrants from all over the world have come to America seeking a better life. As they progressively become more acquainted with the American life style they tend to become more involved in the daily interest of their new country. Specifically, Jews have been in the United States for centuries, but for a long time anti-Semitism and discrimination have made it very difficult for them to participate in politics. Jews have become a more active part of American politics due to Senator Lieberman’s candidacy for Vice President. However, Jew’s role in American politics has progressed over the years. In the early years of our nations history Jews were not as actively involved in political positions. Senator Lieberman suggested that one reason, why Jews did not enter active politics during the start of the twentieth century was because of anti-Semitism. Over the course of the second half of the past century, particularly following World War II, Jews were among the strongest voices in the civil rights movement. Jews became financial power houses and supported the candidates of their choice with money. The events of the last century: the Vietnam War, women’s movement, and environmental programs inspired many American Jews to enter politics, for the very purpose of improving the world. As Senator Lieberman says in his introduction to Jews in American Politics, it is the practice of Jews to want to make the world a better place to â€Å"repair the world† in Hebrew, â€Å"Tikkun Olam† (Maisel and Forman XXII) In the history of the United States before the New Deal was created by Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the â€Å"the Jewish community was politically weak and its role in American society precarious. During t... ... strength† (â€Å"Policy Dispatches No. 52†). Joe Lieberman helped to pave a road for all ethnicities, as Mario Cuomo the former governor of New York commented, â€Å"if the Jews can make it, then Italian Americans can make it, Hispanic Americans can make it and African Americans can make it† (â€Å"Policy Dispatchers No. 52†). Throughout time Jews have faced anti-Semitism and criticism. However, they have excelled and Joe Lieberman after the 2002 election has become the icon of â€Å"a historic step forward in the complete integration of Jews in American society† (â€Å"Policy Dispatchers No. 52†). Works Cited Maisel, L. Sandy, and Ira N. Forman. Jews in American Politics. New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2001. Policy Dispatches No. 52. World Jewish Congress 5 Dec. 2002 .

Deception Point Page 85

Rachel's body went rigid. She wanted to step back from the railing, but she could not move. She was transfixed by the petrifying vista. â€Å"Incredible, aren't they?† Tolland said. His hand was on her shoulder again, comforting. â€Å"They'll tread water in the warm spots for weeks. These guys have the best noses in the sea-enhanced telencephalon olfactory lobes. They can smell blood up to a mile away.† Corky looked skeptical. â€Å"Enhanced telencephalon olfactory lobes?† â€Å"Don't believe me?† Tolland began rooting around in an aluminum cabinet adjacent to where they were standing. After a moment, he pulled out a small, dead fish. â€Å"Perfect.† He took a knife from the cooler and cut the limp fish in several places. It started to drip blood. â€Å"Mike, for God's sake,† Corky said. â€Å"That's disgusting.† Tolland tossed the bloody fish overboard and it fell thirty feet. The instant it hit the water, six or seven sharks darted in a tumbling ferocious brawl, their rows of silvery teeth gnashing wildly at the bloody fish. In an instant, the fish was gone. Aghast, Rachel turned and stared at Tolland, who was already holding another fish. Same kind. Same size. â€Å"This time, no blood,† Tolland said. Without cutting the fish, he threw it in the water. The fish splashed down, but nothing happened. The hammerheads seemed not to notice. The bait carried away on the current, having drawn no interest whatsoever. â€Å"They attack only on sense of smell,† Tolland said, leading them away from the railing. â€Å"In fact, you could swim out here in total safety-provided you didn't have any open wounds.† Corky pointed to the stitches on his cheek. Tolland frowned. â€Å"Right. No swimming for you.† 102 Gabrielle Ashe's taxi was not moving. Sitting at a roadblock near the FDR Memorial, Gabrielle looked out at the emergency vehicles in the distance and felt as if a surrealistic fog bank had settled over the city. Radio reports were coming in now that the exploded car might have contained a high-level government official. Pulling out her cellphone, she dialed the senator. He was no doubt starting to wonder what was taking Gabrielle so long. The line was busy. Gabrielle looked at the taxi's clicking meter and frowned. Some of the other cars stuck here were pulling up onto the curbs and turning around to find alternative routes. The driver looked over his shoulder. â€Å"You wanna wait? Your dime.† Gabrielle saw more official vehicles arriving now. â€Å"No. Let's go around.† The driver grunted in the affirmative and began maneuvering the awkward multipoint turn. As they bounced over the curbs, Gabrielle tried Sexton again. Still busy. Several minutes later, having made a wide loop, the taxi was traveling up C Street. Gabrielle saw the Philip A. Hart Office Building looming. She had intended to go straight to the senator's apartment, but with her office this close†¦ â€Å"Pull over,† she blurted to the driver. â€Å"Right there. Thanks.† She pointed. The cab stopped. Gabrielle paid the amount on the meter and added ten dollars. â€Å"Can you wait ten minutes?† The cabbie looked at the money and then at his watch. â€Å"Not a minute longer.† Gabrielle hurried off. I'll be out in five. The deserted marble corridors of the Senate office building felt almost sepulchral at this hour. Gabrielle's muscles were tense as she hurried through the gauntlet of austere statues lining the third-floor entryway. Their stony eyes seemed to follow her like silent sentinels. Arriving at the main door of Senator Sexton's five-room office suite, Gabrielle used her key card to enter. The secretarial lobby was dimly lit. Crossing through the foyer, she went down a hallway to her office. She entered, flicked on the fluorescent lights, and strode directly to her file cabinets. She had an entire file on the budgeting of NASA's Earth Observing System, including plenty of information on PODS. Sexton would certainly want all the data he could possibly get on PODS as soon as she told him about Harper. NASA lied about PODS. As Gabrielle fingered her way through her files, her cellphone rang. â€Å"Senator?† she answered. â€Å"No, Gabs. It's Yolanda.† Her friend's voice had an unusual edge to it. â€Å"You still at NASA?† â€Å"No. At the office.† â€Å"Find anything at NASA?† You have no idea. Gabrielle knew she couldn't tell Yolanda anything until she'd talked to Sexton; the senator would have very specific ideas about how best to handle the information. â€Å"I'll tell you all about it after I talk to Sexton. Heading over to his place now.† Yolanda paused. â€Å"Gabs, you know this thing you were saying about Sexton's campaign finance and the SFF?† â€Å"I told you I was wrong and-â€Å" â€Å"I just found out two of our reporters who cover the aerospace industry have been working on a similar story.† Gabrielle was surprised. â€Å"Meaning?† â€Å"I don't know. But these guys are good, and they seem pretty convinced that Sexton is taking kickbacks from the Space Frontier Foundation. I just figured I should call you. I know I told you earlier that the idea was insane. Marjorie Tench as a source seemed spotty, but these guys of ours†¦ I don't know, you might want to talk to them before you see the senator.† â€Å"If they're so convinced, why haven't they gone to press?† Gabrielle sounded more defensive than she wanted to. â€Å"They have no solid evidence. The senator apparently is good at covering his tracks.† Most politicians are. â€Å"There's nothing there, Yolanda. I told you the senator admitted taking SFF donations, but the gifts are all under the cap.† â€Å"I know that's what he told you, Gabs, and I'm not claiming to know what's true or false here. I just felt obliged to call because I told you not to trust Marjorie Tench, and now I find out people other than Tench think the senator may be on the dole. That's all.† â€Å"Who were these reporters?† Gabrielle felt an unexpected anger simmering now. â€Å"No names. I can set up a meeting. They're smart. They understand campaign finance law†¦ † Yolanda hesitated. â€Å"You know, these guy actually believe Sexton is hurting for cash-bankrupt even.† In the silence of her office, Gabrielle could hear Tench's raspy accusations echoing. After Katherine died, the senator squandered the vast majority of her legacy on bad investments, personal comforts, and buying himself what appears to be certain victory in the primaries. As of six months ago, your candidate was broke. â€Å"Our men would love to talk to you,† Yolanda said. I bet they would, Gabrielle thought. â€Å"I'll call you back.† â€Å"You sound pissed.† â€Å"Never at you, Yolanda. Never at you. Thanks.† Gabrielle hung up. Dozing on a chair in the hallway outside Senator Sexton's Westbrooke apartment, a security guard awoke with a start at the sound of his cellular phone. Bolting up in his chair, he rubbed his eyes and pulled his phone from his blazer pocket. â€Å"Yeah?† â€Å"Owen, this is Gabrielle.† Sexton's guard recognized her voice. â€Å"Oh, hi.† â€Å"I need to talk to the senator. Would you knock on his door for me? His line is busy.† â€Å"It's kind of late.† â€Å"He's awake. I'm sure of it.† Gabrielle sounded anxious. â€Å"It's an emergency.† â€Å"Another one?† â€Å"Same one. Just get him on the phone, Owen. There's something I really need to ask him.† The guard sighed, standing up. â€Å"Okay, okay. I'll knock.† He stretched and made his way toward Sexton's door. â€Å"But I'm only doing it because he was glad I let you in earlier.† Reluctantly, he raised his fist to knock.

Lady Macbeth Character Analysis

Lady Macbeth Character Analysis Lady Macbeth is one of Shakespeare’s most infamous female characters. Cunning and ambitious, Lady Macbeth is a major protagonist in the play, encouraging and helping Macbeth to carry out his bloody quest to become king. Without Lady Macbeth, her husband might never have ventured down the murderous path that leads to their ultimate downfall.   In many respects, Lady Macbeth is more ambitious and power-hungry than her husband, going so far as to call his manhood into question when he has second thoughts about committing murder.   Sexism in 'Macbeth' Along with being Shakespeares bloodiest play, Macbeth is also the one with the greatest number of outright evil female characters. Chief among them are the three witches who predict Macbeth will be king and set the plays action into motion.   Then, theres Lady Macbeth herself. It was unusual in Shakespeares day for a female character to be so boldly ambitious and manipulative as Lady Macbeth. Shes unable to take action herself, perhaps because of the social constraints of the time, and must persuade her husband to go along with her evil plans. Masculinity is defined in the play by ambition and power, two qualities that Lady Macbeth possesses in abundance. By constructing the character in this way, Shakespeare challenges our preconceived views of masculinity and femininity. But what exactly was Shakespeare suggesting? On one hand, it was a radical idea to present a dominant female character. But on the other hand, Lady Macbeth is presented negatively and ends up killing herself after experiencing what appears to be a crisis of conscience.   Lady Macbeth Character Description and Guilt Lady Macbeth’s sense of remorse soon overwhelms her. She has nightmares and in one famous scene (Act 5, Scene 1), appears to try to wash from her hands the blood she imagines has been left behind by the murders. Doctor:What is it she does now? Look how she rubs her hands.Gentlewoman:It is an accustomd action with her, to seem thuswashing her hands. I have known her continue in this a quarter ofan hour.Lady Macbeth:Yet heres a spot.Doctor:Hark, she speaks. I will set down what comes from her, tosatisfy my remembrance the more strongly.Lady Macbeth:Out, damnd spot! out, I say! - One; two: why, thentis time to dot. - Hell is murky. - Fie, my lord, fie, a soldier, andafeard? What need we fear who knows it, when none can call ourpowr to accompt? - Yet who would have thought the old man tohave had so much blood in him? By the end of Lady Macbeths life, guilt has replaced her incredible ambition in equal measure. We are led to believe that her guilt ultimately leads to her suicide. Lady Macbeth is, therefore, a victim of her own ambition - and also possibly of her sex. As a woman  in Shakespeares world, she is not resilient enough to deal with such strong emotions, whereas Macbeth fights on to the very end despite his misgivings.   The treacherous Lady Macbeth both defies and defines what it means to be a female villain in a Shakespeare play.