The Merchant of Venice Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Merchant of Venice - Movie Review Example It is a mixture of comedy and drama, a story about love and hate, written between 1596 and 1598. This 2004 color DVD-Video can be easily found at any DVD store or library, with English language (Dolby digital 5.1) and French subtitles, it is a delightful 131 minutes entertainment. The English screenwriter, documentary film maker and director Michael Radford born in India, in 1946, to a British father and Austrian mother. He has directed the remarkable film Il Postino (Academy award nominated director), and numerous other ones as White Mischief and Dancing at the Blue Iguana. His reputation as a director is very well recognized and the critics of his adaptation of The Merchant of Venice are superb (Michael Radford, from Wikipedia). Simultaneously, the French cinematographer Benot Delhomme makes honor to his brilliant career by enriching the film with his talent. Delhomme graduated in 1982 from Ecole Nationale Suprieure Louis Lumire, and he has an extensive list of films, such as "Trois garcons sur la route" (1983), "Artemisia" (1996), "The talented Mr Ripley" (1998) and "Miss Julie" (1999). His awards include Camerimage Golden frog nom in 1993 for "Mui du du xanh", Csar award nom 1998 for "Artemisia", and Chicago IFF Special Jury Prize 2001 for "Ni neibian jid ian" (Internet encyclopedia, 2007). The cast is remarkable. ... ude Zuleikha Robinson (as Jessica), Kris Marshall (Gratiano), Charlie Cox (Lorenzo), Heather Goldenhersh (Nerissa), Mackenzir Crook (Lancelot Gobbo), Gregor Fisher (Solanio), John Sessions (Salerio), Ron Cook (Old Gobbo), Allan Corduner (Tubal), Anton Rodgers (The Duke), and David Harewood (Prince of Morocco). The play is dated in 1594-97 and the costumes and the set are very well done. The set includes public areas of Venice, the Belmont home of Portia, the house of Shylock, a court of justice in Venice. The plot emphasizes the resentment and mistrust that divide the Jewish and Christian communities of Venice in that period. Shylock, a moneylender and usurer rich Jew, carries and old feeling of resentment against the Christian Antonio, a merchant of Venice, who has insulted him numerous times in public. But he agrees to lend 3000 ducats for three months to Antonio as a way to make friends with Christians. However, the promise involved in the money transaction is that if the money is not repaid in time, he will fine a pound of Antonio's flesh. Meanwhile, in Belmont is Portia, a rich heiress that attracts numerous suitors by her wealth, beauty and virtue. Her father had predetermined that she must marry the man that chooses the casket (1 out of 3) that contains her picture. The Duke of Moro cco and the Prince of Aragon have tried and failed by choosing the gold and silver casket respectively. Bassanio's friend Lorenzo elopes with Shylock's daughter, Jessica. She converts to Christianity and escapes from his father's house with part of his possessions. Bassanio gets in love with Portia, and after choosing the correct casket they married. Portia's maid Nerissa marries Bassanio's friend, Gratiano. In the meantime, Bassanio's ships failed to return on time for him to give

A personalised induction will always be more affective Essay Example for Free

A personalised induction will always be more affective Essay A personalised induction will always be more affective Discuss. Base your answers on theoretical concepts and techniques presented in class This essay will assess the usefulness of personalised inductions in hpnotherapy sessions. As well as taking a look at when a personalised screed is not needed and the many ways there are to assess which style of screed will be most affective. The main body of this essay will focus on the evidence both for and agisnt a personlised screed and attempt to provide a conhertent argument with which the reader can make up their own mind. A hypnotic intuction is the tool used by hypnotherypists in order to aid their clients in achieveing a trance state, it is known that this is harder for some clients to achieve then others, it is generaly accepted that some clients find it almost impossible to reach a trance state through hypnosis (Boys and Karle 2010), the majority of clients are however able to achieve light trance states and deeper. The simple fact that some clients find it easier to achieve hypnosis then other highlights the potential need for personalised inductions, every body is different, we all have different likes and dislikes, personalities and indeed life experiences that make us more responsive to different ques. When in a session with a client the words we use to produce a trance state are vary importent, more so then in a regular conversation, this is due to the fact that the client generally has their eyes closed and is therefore cut off from a great deal of the everyday comunication ques that aid in understanding each other. Body language is considered to make up 55% of human comunication with tone and volume making up 38% and words come in last making up just 7% of comunication. With words making up such a small percentage of how we comunicate with each other, the need for a personalised induction could be seen as vital, a way of taloring the words used so they have more meaning to the client and therefore much more impact. Two of the main types of induction are authoritarian and permissive, they are both vary different and have been shown to be effective in vary different situations with various clients. The authoritarian approch is vary direct and to the point, with the hypnotist playing the role of the authority figure, (Hadley and Staudacher 1996), it is believed that clients that respond best to this style are the ones that respone well to authroity figures in real life, people with a scientific backgrouds tend to respond  well, this style is effective on conditions such as anaxity, it is believed that problems such as this are often caused by an authortain figure in childhood and therefore need another authoratians figure in order to relieve the problem. On the other hand submissive styles tend to invovle the client and therpist as equals, a softer voice is often used and suggestion are offered rather then comands. The use of more guided imagery allows these inductions to be further personlised to suit the clients needs. more imaginative clients respond well to this style and it is perticulary valuabl in aiding clients that wish to achieve certain goals. The fact that these tw o different styles of inducton have been seen to be more affective on different clients and in different situations is strong eviedence for the need for personalised induction. The age of the client also affects which type of style that is used, it could be arued that children, who reach a peak point of suggestablity at around the age of ten(Boys and Karle 2001) may be more responsive to a permissive style due to the fact that choldren tend to be more imaginative then older clients. At the other end of the spectrum suggestablity declines with age so a more authertrian style may be more effective with an older client, it may also be in part to the fact that socialty was different when an older client was growing up with more importence and respect given to people with power and i higher inclination toward conformity (milgram, 1963). A futher way in which it has been therorised to personalise screeds is to use words that are assoiated with the clients modality. There are three main modalities, kinaesthetic, visual and autitory. Kinaesthetic clients are often vary in tune with their feelings and indeed the feelings of others, they enjoy phyical activity and fo r the purposes of hypnotic induction respond better to words that decribe feelings and touching things. It has been observered that poeple with this modality will show a prefence for texture and temperature words. Visual clients tend to be vary imaginative and have a tendency to daydream, they are more concerned with how things look, and for the purposes of hypnotic induction find it easier to visualise things. They use a lot of colour references. Lasty autitory clients are vary in tune with music and speech, anything that can be listened to, they tend to respond to words that relate to music and speech, such as listen and harmony. personalising introductions to suit modalities is a vital tool in aiding clients in their journey into  hypnotic trance, the use of words that relate to the clients primary modality enable them to feel more safe and in control and allow them to more easiely facilitate themsevles in their session, purly due to the fact that the words choosen are ones they relate to more strongly. this is again strong eviendence for the need and power of personalised inductions. However it will now be considered if a personalised induction is always needed or fact sometimes not poss ible. The type of suggestion used is also a way of personalising a screed in order to suit a client. the are two types of suggestion available, the direct suggestion, which is short and too the point and given as more of a comand. This type of suggestion works better with the above mentioned authoritarian induction due to the fact that in these inducton the therpist is seen more as the authority figure and the client is more likley to respond possitivly by doing what the therpist asks. Indirct suggestion are more symbolic and are more suited for the more imagintive clients, they have been found to be vary usefull when resistence is present as they have a way of seeping into the subcousous symbolically, which the subcounsous responds vary well to. One of the most obvious instences when a less personalised induction is needed is during group therapy. this is not desirable for numerous reasons. As we discussed before everybody is different so what may be effective for one client may leave ano ther less then impressed and unable to achieve a satifacory trance state. In these instences a more general induction is required. inductions that are aimed at changing a habbit, such as quit smoking indutions are also more often then not best if they are not personaliesd, this could be due to the fact that changing a habbit is vary differcult work that may require a vary deep trance and often an authorative induction. Another time when a personlised induction is not needed would be for the purposes of hypnosis cds and Tv shows, again this is due to the fact that the hypnotheripist has no contact with the client and is therefore unable to construct a induction that is personalised for them. in the case of TV shows the hypnotist is talking to thousands of people at once, this brings about a need to create an induction that is extreamly general so as to hypnotise the most members of the audience at once. However it could be considered that a kineasthetic induction could be used as this is the modality that the majorty of people have a perference towards, and may well lead to a deeper trance for people  with this modality. is it better to spread word of mouth and gain popularity and notariatly though sucessfully hypnoting more people lightly or less people more sucessfully. There are also a number of induction available in which no verbal comunication are used. these so called non verble hypnotic in duction involve enabling the client into an hypnotic trance through the use of a seris of progressivly changes in posture, with the hypnotherapist moving around the room in front of the client. In order to bring the client back up from this trance the movements are simply reversed, many people claim that these types of inductions are quite effective. it is clear that the used of inductions such as these would not need to be personalised as no words are used, although the positions may need to be altered and it is possible that with certain clients that have a tendenciy to be less suggestable a longer seires of postures may be needed in order to achieve the desired level of trance. this type of induction may be vary usefull when dealing with clients that are hard of hearing or indeed deaf. However it must be considered that this induction could be more affective with clients that are more inclined to the visual modaltiy, and in such the cases the use of a non verble induction could be how the therapist has personalised the induction to suit the clients needs in order to achieve the best state possible in order to faciltate the clients goal. It should be noted that this is always the main aim of hypnotic induction, so the client recieves the best therapy the therpist can offer. In many of the stage shows and TV programs that featur e hypnosis the use of non verble hypnosis is often shown. This is often due to the fact that the perticipants have already been vetted and shown to be highly suggestive, so again this use of non verbal hypnosis could be used highly effectively with suggestable clients. It has become clear that the use of personalised inductions is vast and far reaching. It is also clear that in many cases the use of an induction that has been designed to cater for the clients personality, age, stage in treatment, modality and affliction is indeed a vary important and valuable tool in therapy and can aid in the depth of trance, enjoyment of hypnosis session and overall outcome. However on the other hand it can not be denined that this is not alway needed or indeed possible, group therpy sessions, treatment for addictions and pre recorded hypnotherpy sessions all benifit from a more general induction, however it should be pointed out that the  need for a more general induction is not due to the fact that this type of induction is more affective, more due to the fact that it is not plusable to hypnotise so many different people using a personalised induction at one time. In fact in many cases it could be argued that personalised induction may be more affective, on the flip side the use of group therapy has also been shown to be a valuable tool in the recovery of many disorders, which is more benifial, the personalised induction or the good consil that can be achieved with a group of people with similar problems as your own. It would also be important to note that at the start of a therapists career there will most likly be a perfence of the therapist towards a ccertian a style of induction, this may mean that they use a style that is less personalised and not nessacellaly the best for the client, however confidence is key with hypnotic induction so although the therapist should always indevour to use the best induction it may be more benifial for them to use the style they are most comfortable with. In conclution a personalised induction is the more affective choice in a wide range of cases, particalary in cases when therapy is likey to be more lengthy. however there are indeed times when a more generalised induction is the most effective route. it should be highlighted that both personalised and general inductions are a choice that is made by the client with the intention of delivering the best therapy possible, in this way even a decision to use a general induction could be considered a personalised chioce due to the fact that this is the route that the therapist deems best to take. In short a personalised induction is the most effective method in the vast majority of cases, however there are instences when this is not the case.

Critical Reflection On Personal Experience With Anxiety Patient Nursing Essay

Critical Reflection On Personal Experience With Anxiety Patient Nursing Essay Boyd and Fales (1983) suggest that critical reflection is the difference between whether an individual repeats the same experience several times therefore developing proficiency in one behaviour or if the person can learn from an experience in such a way that the individual becomes more open to change and development. By using reflection as a tool, many advantages can be gained in the development of nursing care. It is suggested that by encouraging nurses to reflect upon nursing situations, in order to promote the nurses professional development there will be by a process of growth better nursing care for the patients (Gustafson and Fagerberg , 2004). This essay presents a reflective overview of an experience that took place during my clinical placement with the Accident and Emergency Psychiatric Liaison Team and will focus specifically on my experience with a patient who attended the department with an anxiety disorder. I will use the Levitt-Jones (2007) narrative framework to underpin this essay and also aim to demonstrate and implement the Specific Capabilities in Practice (SCiPs) during this reflective process. It is important at this point to review the principles of confidentiality, as detailed by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008), when providing information about a patients care it is important to maintain confidentiality. Therefore the patient will be referred to as Jane (not her real name) for the purpose of this essay. Jane attended the Accident and Emergency department complaining of tightness in her chest, nausea, feelings of dizziness and a dry mouth. She was examined by the medical team who found no underlying physical cause for these symptoms. During the medical assessment process it was disclosed by Jane that she had been prescribed medication for an anxiety disorder by her GP. It was with this knowledge that Jane was referred to the Psychiatric Liaison Team for a mental health assessment. My mentor had suggested that I go and introduce myself to Jane and let her know we would be coming to complete a mental health assessment once her blood results had come through and she had been classified as medically fit. I approached the bed area where Jane was and noted the curtains were partially pulled round the bed, as I approached the bed area round the curtain I started to introduce myself and explain about the mental health assessment, however I was unable to finish my introduction and explanation as Jane shouted go away, get out, I want you out. At this time I am aware I froze, uncertain as how to proceed as this was not what I expected, Jane again stated that she wanted me to go away so I turned and walked away from the bed area and returned to my mentor to report what had just occurred. My mentor advised me that we would wait for Jane to be cleared medically and then she would go and speak to Jane about what had just occurred; my mentor suggested this would give Jane time to calm down and give us an opportunity to request any past psychiatric records. Whilst I was waiting for a fax from Janes GP, I was pre-occupied with what had happened and wondered if Janes reaction was because she had some kind of issue with me, my appearance or what I was wearing. I also questioned if Jane did not want student nurses involved in her care or if she had issues about having a mental health assessment. I also ran through, over and over, what I had said and how I had said it; was I too loud? Did I startle her by coming round the curtain unannounced? My mentor returned to the office after having spoken discreetly with Jane and disclosed to me that as I approached Jane she was in fact experiencing a panic attack and she had become agitated and shouted for me to leave as she was worried I would think she was mental and couldnt bear the thought of a stranger watching her have a panic attack. I had felt relieved and some of my own anxiety was reduced when this information was handed over to me as I had become convinced I had done something wrong to provoke this reaction from Jane; however my mentor suggested that Jane was now willing for me to complete the mental health assessment. During the course of the assessment I was able to identify some key points that required some further exploration with Jane and my mentor encouraged me to sit with Jane and talk through our suggested treatment plan and plan of care. Jane disclosed that her anxiety symptoms had started several months ago following the death of her cousin in a road traffic accident, initially they had been mild but as time had gone on things had got a lot worse. In addition to the symptoms of anxiety Jane had described she also during the course of our assessment identified experiences that could also be defined as symptoms of depression; these included; loss of appetite, early morning waking and low mood. The GP records that had been faxed over indicated that an anti depressant had been prescribed for Jane (Citilopram) months ago but she disclosed she had not taken this on a daily basis as she thought it was just to help when she was really bad. It is reported that despite an increase in the prescribing of anti depressants compliance with antidepressants by patients has been described as a major problem (Pampallona et al, 2002). This can be attributed to many reasons including; fear of dependence, concern of social stigma and also the prescriber giving unclear instructions about how and why the medication should be taken (McMullen and Herman, 2009). Jane had stated that she did not know why she had been given and anti depressant for anxiety and that she was not aware that she should take it every day. Jane also expressed concern that she was going to become addicted to the anti depressants and that she would not want to stay on them for any longer than a couple of weeks. I aimed to reassure and educate Jane by telling her that Citilopram; although a medication from the anti depressant family also, had properties that would treat her symptoms of anxiety and panic. The benefits would only be felt if the medication was taken every day and only after at least a period of 3 to 4 weeks should any benefit be highlighted (NICE, 2009). I was also able to inform Jane that it is recommended that treatment with anti depressants should continue for at least six months, even if she was to feel better, to ensure the chance of relapse and re emergence of symptoms is reduced (NICE, 2009). Jane stated her GP had told her the medication was to make her feel better but not much more information about how often and for how long she should take it, Jane indicated she would now take it every day and see if it helped her. At the end of the assessment Jane thanked me for my help and again apologised for snapping at me. I felt it was important to end the assessment with both myself and Jane feeling the issue was resolved so that our relationship could move so I empathised with her that she was having a very difficult time and her response was understandable in the context of what was happening to her at that time. Berg and Hallberg (2000) suggest that caring for people with mental illness demands an intensified presence, not allowing one to glide away, close the door or just disappear. On reflection I felt that although initially anxious and self critical of my initial interaction with Jane, I was tempted not to return to complete the assessment with my mentor, however I was glad that I did so that a relationship could be established and the outcome became more positive for myself and most importantly for Jane. I was able to spend some time a week later with my mentor and we discussed the outcomes from Janes assessment. Initially I had felt unwilling to proceed with the assessment and admitted to my mentor that I had felt very anxious about Janes initial reaction to me. My mentor identified she was aware that I had personalised Janes response and that I had questioned myself at length about what I had done wrong. My mentor was able to advise me that although it is essential for nurses to reflect on their interactions with patients, it is also important to attempt to obtain balance in the reflective process; which on this instance I had initially failed to do. I had become so focused on what I could have done wrong this was not balanced with what other factors may have influenced the patients reaction. Hem and Heggen (2003) suggest that an important element for mental health nurses was to recognize personal vulnerability in order to survive and develop professionally. The interaction with Jane did make me feel vulnerable; however by spending time with my mentor and by resolving the issues with Jane by understanding the reasons behind her behaviour, I feel that have further developed my skills and self awareness when delivering patient care.

The Sickness Unto Death According to Kierkegaard Essay -- existencialis

1. Kierkegaard believes that truth is only a subjective process. Truth only exists from the subjective existing of the individual and cannot be found in a complete system. Objective truth to Kierkegaard is a simply an idea created by the illusion of subjective existence that one can have complete and true objective knowledge of something that exists out in the world. This is evident when he states, â€Å"In the objective sense, thought is understood as being a pure thought; this corresponds in an equally abstract-objective sense to its object, which object is therefore the thought itself, and truth becomes correspondence of thought with itself. This objective thought has no relation to the existing subject† (31). When Kierkegaard states that â€Å"truth is subjectivity† and the â€Å"truth of subjectivity is faith† he is arguing that since there can never be objective truth, all one can do is turn inward and focus on existential being. Once one turns their focus inward they can they find the real truth of their existence, and that existence is the action relational happening of relating of oneself to oneself, and to God. 2. The knight of infinite resignation to Kierkegaard is one who has realized the loss of all meaning in life. They have accepted the world as something that is beyond their objective understanding and have infinitely resigned themselves of any search for meaning and have achieved a sort of peace which can only come from the loss of all hope for escape. Kierkegaard argues that road to the knight of faith only goes through the knight of infinite resignation. Only by infinitely resigning oneself to the loss of all meaning can one take the next action of taking the leap of faith. The knight of faith takes focuses internally on... ...le are given the freedom to find meaning, and in freedom there is great despair and suffering as people search for existential meaning. In the story the Grand Inquisitor is angry at Jesus for his choice to grant freedom and despair to everyone and argues that his new church is more godlike because he is taking away freedoms. By doing so he will make them slaves, but grant them peace, and in so doing give them meaning so they will not live in the despair of knowing freedom. The claim that, â€Å"man does not live by bread alone†¦ but only the one who works gets it [bread]†, would synthesize the idea that people cannot find existential-meaning through the fulfillment of only temporal desires. However, if one works at continually making the leap of faith and understands the proper mode of be-ing, one will find the metaphoric/spiritual bread which satisfies their despair.

Arthur Miller’s “The Crucible” Essay

Unjust Justice Systems;A comparison of the West Memphis Three and The CrucibleImagine sitting at home one night and having police officers show up at your hose and arrest you for a crime you had no idea was committed. Three teenage boys in West Memphis, Arkansas and over thirty-nine characters in The Crucible went through exactly that. The West memphis three is the trial of three teenage boys who were charged with killing two eight-year-old oys in the woods and leading a hate group. The trial portrayed in The Crucible are based on the real life Salem Witch Trials, the accused in the play were charged with witchcraft. Evidence in both cases was insufficient and mostly eye witnessed. Both crimes committed were abstract and referred to as the devils work. All accused in both trials were doomed from the beginning. In The Crucible to save oneself if accused one must confess to something they didnt do and then name people that did do it, basically if they wanted to live thy had to lie and accuse other innocent people. The West Memphis three had to go through the court system with corrupt people lying and no way to prove themselves innocent. Arthur Miller portrayed the evidence in The Crucible as only eye witness accounts and petty reasoning, such as the ability to fake a faint. The characters that danced in the woods were considered reliable and what they said was all that was needed to convict the people of witchcraft. In the real life accounts of the West Memphis three, the evidence used against the teenagers were black Metallica shirts, the confession that didnt match the incident, and peers that told the police that they overheard one of the teenagers say they were going to kill two boys. The peers story later changed when under oath but the judge reffered back to the first story to help convict the accused. In both cases the accusers could not counter argue the evidence because it was their word against the witnesses. Before the West Memphis trials the police had a confession from all three teenage boys. t was used against them in court. The reason for the confession, some argue, is a condition called Satanic Panic. Someone who has Satanic Panic creates false memories that place themselves at the scene of the crime they were accused of. The crime normally is devil related, for example rape, magic, and voodoo are all known as the work of the devil.  People who are diagnosed with Satanic Panic are normally also diagnosed with Multiple Personality Disorder. The witches in The Crucible were charged with harming others with magic. They had to confess themselves to keep themselves from being hanged. This is an example of how Satanic Panic is described. When Mary Warren says, Its not a trick! I-I used to faint because I-I thought I saw spirits. (miller 47) she is describing Hysteria, or Satanic Panic; she created the spirits because the other girls saw the. In The Crucible Hale, an expert in the area of witchcraft, played a large role in the courtroom. In the trial of the teenagers there was a doctor who was an expert in the area of stanic panic. Being experts in such areas are hard to prove, the doctor of satanic panic did not have a degree or any proof that he studied such a subject. He merely stated that he has worked with patients claiming to do things because the devil told them to. In the play Hale simply forces people to confess to save their lives, which is not the work of a doctor but more of a persuader. Both men later on reviewed the case, the accused, and the evidence and wanted to save the innocent people. Hale describes his change of opinion by saying, Let you not mistake your duty as I mistook my own. (miller 58) THey also were unsuccessful. Both crimes are abstract, meaning that there is no evidence attainable for a just conviction, but both crimes have serious consequences. In The Crucible the people who denied being a witch were sentenced to be hanged. Two of the teenagers were sentenced to be hanged. Two of the teenagers were sentenced to life in prison and the last was sentenced to death by injection. Is that fair? The teenagers still had a full life in front of them but because they were used as scapegoats, it was cut short. Can you call a justice system that convicts people for such crimes just?The 1994 case of the West Memphis three and the 1953 play The Crucible have similarities. Abstract convictions, false accusations, and unjust executions are all part of both trials. Neither account is something to be proud of, nor should such times be repeated. When you look at such similar occures, which are separated by four decades, you begin to wonder if humans really learn from their mistakes. Jessie Misskelley, Damien Echols, and Jason Baldwin, the West Memphis three, are sitting in jail; they have been there for 5220 days and  awaiting their death. Spreading knowledge of this hideous case and raising support could help get them and appeal and save three innocent people.

Banking: an Ethical Dilemma? Essay

Introduction In this report, I plan to discuss the question Banking: An Ethical Dilemma? Within this is I will discuss ethical dilemmas in association with banking. I will firstly start by giving definitions of what is meant by the terms: Banking, Ethics, and Dilemma. From here, I will go on to identify what banks are and what the roles and importance are for the economy. Next, I will go on to explain banking operations and with this identification, I plan to then discuss the ethical dilemmas and show my opinion on the question ‘Banking: An Ethical Dilemma?’ I will then discuss any other issues unrelated to ethical dilemmas within the banking sector and with this; I plan to use references and facts to support my argument on the subject. Finally, I will identify my finding regarding the dilemma and try to conclude on whether banking is ethical. Main Body Firstly, ‘Banking’ can be defined as one of the key drivers of the economy. Banking provides a safe place to save excess cash, known as deposits. It also supplies liquidity to the economy by loaning this money out to help businesses grow and to allow consumers to purchase homes, cars and consumer products. Banks primarily make money by charging higher interest rates on their loans than they pay for deposits. (http://useconomy.about.com/od/glossary/g/Banking.htm) ‘Ethics’ comes in many forms but can primarily be defined as the code or rules of moral principles that are set standards of good or bad, or right or wrong decisions, in personal conduct and therefore is a guide to the behaviour that is morally acceptable from a person or within a group or an organisation. Ethics effect moral decision made by people, and its main concern is what is good and though to be best for society. Siddiqui (2010) With this definition of ethics, ethical behaviour is very much a s it seems. The behaviour is used surrounding ethics. It is behaviour, which is seen to be accepted as good or bad, or right or wrong, within organisation rules and obligations and government laws. It is about being responsibly and acting in an honest and fair way taking into consideration whether the actions taken are affecting people in a way that would not be seen as ethical. ‘Business Ethics’ is the same aspects and contains the same issues of ethics and ethical behaviour but is put into a business context. This is deal with on a daily bases throughout every organisation in the world. Within this subject, business ethics is not just based on the organisation or employees but also to any customer that they may have. Many organisations have had their reputation tarnished with bad publicity due to the business ethics. This can be down to employment or how the organisation is ran, this can include poor working conditions, exploiting people or even down to low wages. Organisations that do not follow in business ethics can result in breaking the law that can lead to them being sued; the problem with this is that multi-million businesses can often afford to take a hit but never the less that is no excuse to disregard their ethical behaviour. Finally, the term ‘Dilemma’ can be defined as: a situation that requires a choice between options that are or seem equally unfavourable or mutually exclusive. (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dilemma) Banks are seen in many forms, they primarily come in the following forms, which are Retail, Central, Investment, and Building Societies. The main purpose of a bank is to provide a safe place where people have confidence to deposit money. It is seen that banks are produced and ran by honest people. As well as storage of money, there are many other purposes to bank, but they are separated into individual banks and depends are on what form of bank they represent. Retail banks are otherwise known has commercial/high street banks, which customers use every day for goods and service links with their everyday tasks. They main roles are to provide a service to corporate, personal, and private banking to customers. This can include bank accounts for money storage, loans, credit car ds, mortgages, and saving as well as many more. Examples of these banks would be; HSBC, Lloyds TSB & NatWest. Central banks are the main bank within a national, and have many roles, which are vital in the economy. Central banks such as The Bank of England unlike retails banks are need to keep the economy financial stable. The Bank of England’s roles are to; set interest rates, create money supply, lender of last resort, they are the bankers bank and the place of settlement and they have to regulate these to provide paramount service for the economy. Investment banks are otherwise known as merchant banks. The main purposes of these banks are raising capital for customers, businesses or for the government. This can be achieved by providing services for mergers and acquisitions as well as propriety trading, foreign exchange. Unlike retail banks, investment banks do not take deposits, these banks run from taking equity. Building Societies are financial institutions, which mainly provide saving accounts and mortgages. Unlike other banks, building societies are mutual which means that their customer are members and can therefore receive information and attending meeting regarding the progress or alterations in operations and have a right to vote on the actions taken. Building societies are run by shareholders and have directors whose decision it is on the strategies taken. Banks have great importance within the economy, and without them, we would see a different world from the one we see today. â€Å"Although banks create no new wealth but their borrowing, lending and related activities facilitate the process of production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of wealth. In this way they become very effective partners in the process of economic development.† (http://www.blurtit.com/q197532.html) What do banks do? This is a question, which many people may be confused by. People deposit their money into a bank for feeling that it will be kept safe for them to collect at any time, when in reality when someone’s deposits money is to their account, the banks promptly lend the money out to another customer and in result creates a cycle. In fact, when a customer makes a deposit at a bank only an initial 8% is kept in banking funds, 90% of the deposit and lent out to another customer creating more profit for the bank. As well as accepting deposits banks also repay against written order, create account, lend money, render account, reasonable notice closer, maintain secrecy (Tourniers exception), interest and fees, set off, return cheques and pay against monies held. Although these are the main roles this is not an indication of the products and service which are provided by individual banks and may differ between them. Therefore, when looking into banking, where can we draw the line to say whether a bank is being ethical or not? I think the first factor, which needs to be pointed out, is that banks are businesses and therefore are out to make a profit, but how far will they go in succeeding this main objective and with this jeopardise their ethical values? So as previously stated the main purpose of the bank is to make a profit and to do this they have to provide service and sell products as such. The bank is required to make a profit to provide to the shareholders, and with this will increase the business and allow the business to grow and progress. Banks as businesses are not charities and therefore need to make a profit without making a profit banks would fail without input into finance and would therefore have to relate on government funding, which in turn would change banks from private businesses into national banks. With doing this then the government would have to get the funding from somew here to provide to the bank so this would most likely required an increase in taxes which would then cost people more money in do this. The problem with this is that without the private funding from customers then it would be possible for banks to fail which would create havoc with the economy. This would put more of the public’s money at risk, and could affect the circulation of money and without circulation the money, as we know it will lose value and will basically die out. If it were put into place that banks were made national this, this would mean that they would have to be more cautious and would take no risks in the services, which they provide. This would mean that people would not get the high interest returns on their account and saving which they believe that they should be entitled to but do not want any of the risk which is associated with this. For a bank to make a profit, they are required to use customer’s deposits and lend the money out to other investments. The percentage of the deposit, which is loaned out, can be seen to be risky and if customers were to find out this then they may be less inclined to deposit their monies. Is it unethical that a) Customers are not informed of this? Alternatively b) the percentage that is loaned out? This could be altered by giving the customer more information. Is 8% of a deposit a reasonable amount to keep or should it be higher. I think that if banks start reducing the percentage, which in turn would allow them to make more profit that this would be unethical and it is creating more risk to customer’s money and without guarantee that there is going to be 100% return rate. I think that if banks did lower the percentage, and did increase the money that could lend then this would influence banker’s decision on the ethical values if it were allowing them to make more profit for the bank and in turn increase any bonuses, which they would receive because of the extra profit. With this extra money, going back into circulation then this would create an increase in interest growth. Although this may be seen to be unethical, I think the main problem is the education of the public on this subject. Banker bonus is always high-level news in media, as people hear about these v ast bonuses and cannot understand where these amounts are coming from. It is my perception that why people hear about theses bonus that they believe that it is their money that is being used to fund the bonus that that everyone within the bank or the average banker is going to receive these bonuses when in reality it is actually very few who do. I believe that banker should be allow bonuses as without the work that they put into the banks then this would result is a fall within the economy, so in result I do not believe that these bonuses to be unethical. The Financial Services Authority otherwise known as the FSA is the regulatory of the UK’s financial services industry. This was set up by the government with the purpose to regulate the activities of financial services markets, exchanges, and businesses. All financial service must follow the standards, which have been put in place by the FSA; this has consequences if not followed. This can be used to show that a bank is being ethical as the FSA would be able to notice any unethical activities wi thin a bank and would then take action to correct this. The make act of unethical behaviour is using customers money to achieve personal ambition. This is using the money in a scene of greed and in result to boost ego. A good example of this would be Fred Goodwin. Fred Goodwin was the former chief executive of the Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS). His personal ambition was to build RBS to become one of the world largest banks. With the authority in his post, he created a bank that was more focused on selling the products and service than the fundamental service of banking and with the temptation to create more profit was building then this was just the beginning of the unethical behaviour. As a result of this RBS grew and quickly became one of the largest banks but within this growth it was not long before questions were raised regarding the ethical values of the banks. Following investigation, which was launched after whistle blowing if, was seen how unethical Fred Goodwin had been in running operations within the bank and promptly resigned from his post after RBS lost approximately  £25 Billion, which would be able to fund the NHS for two years. To date this is the biggest ever commercial lose in history. This is a key example of when the temptation of personal gain overrides ethical value. So is it ethical for a bank to fail? Banks are formed on trust, if it is seen that a bank has failed and has lost its money and funding would create mass panic. This was seen in previous years with Northern Rock. When as many banks in the past, Northern Rock went to the central Bank of England to ask for lender of last resort, but made public awareness and suddenly people started to panic that they money was not safe and wanted to withdraw the funds from the account. This soon resulted in the banks running out of money as the 8% per cent of deposits that was kept in storage soon ran out. Banks are now introducing ethic policies, this would allow the customer to gain a greater knowledge and insight into the bank on how they run ethical, and from here, and customers can evaluate them and from here make a decision on which bank to choose. The first bank to introduce they ethical policy was the co-operative bank back in 1992. From these policies, it allows a more transparent view into the bank and how it is ran. This can show information such as where customers deposits are loaded onto for example this money could be loaned onto a business that has poor environmental records, which you may feel strongly about and would rather not create funding for them. Is it possible for any bank to act ethically, as a principle they may all try to portray a positive image of the ethical values but with the key goal to make profit, how far is too far for ethicality before they can be criticised. There are banks with exception in which they actions may be seen to be unethical but in retrospect the are somewhat ethical. Rationalisation for unethical behaviour comes in four common forms; these are seen to be used to justify misconduct and other ethical dilemmas. They are: * Convincing yourself that the behaviour is not really illegal. * Convincing yourself that the behaviour is in everyone’s best interests. * Convincing yourself that nobody will ever find out what you’ve done. * Convincing yourself that the organisation will â€Å"protect† you. Schermerhon (2005) Ethical investment is another problem, which is often brought to the public eye. It has been said that investment bank should invest into smaller companies instead of mass-market organisation to create more business with the economy. As much as this can be seen to be ethical, the problem with this is that there is higher risk investing in smaller companies as there are not necessarily going to be successful and as a result create more risk of no return on initial investment. This could then result in the bank having to act more unethically to compensate for their actions. Conclusion Overall, within this assignment I have given definitions of banking, ethics, and what is a dilemma. From here, I went on to explain what is a bank, and the different types of banks and what they roles where and how they differed from each other. I then discussed banking operation and when onto discuss the ethical dilemmas within banking sector. After doing research I believe that in banking, it is very difficult to constantly stay ethical and it is so easy to fall for temptation to act unethically in either time of need or for personal gain. This can be done with minimal effort and sometimes without even notice. Ethics is incorporated in everyday life and is going to be constantly changing therefore I believe what is seen to be ethical could at some point be seen as unethical depending on the state of law. I have discovered that within all organisations there are constant uses of ethical behaviour both good and bad. Therefore, I believe that each organisation at some point will encounter a combination of the alternative ethical views. From analysing the ethical actions, I have concluded that even though some decisions and behaviours are seen to be unethical this does not necessarily mean that they are illegal. It is dependant of organisational procedures and government laws. Bibliography * About.com (2010) Banking. [online] Available at http://useconomy.about.com/od/glossary/g/Banking.htm [Accessed 1st April 2011] * Siddiqui, K. (2010) Lecture Hand-outs 6 – 8. * The Free Dictionary (2010) Dilemma. [online] Available at http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dilemma [Accessed 17th March 2011] * Blurtit (2010) What is the importance of the banks. [online] Available at http://www.blurtit.com/q197532.html [Accessed 18th March 2011] * Schermerhon, J.R. (2005) Management 8th ed. New York. John Wiley and Sons Inc. * Boatright, J.R (2008) Ethics in Finance. 2nd ed. Oxford. Blackwell Publishing. * Boartright. J.R (2000) Ethics and the conduct of business. 3rd ed. New Jersey. Prentice Hall, Inc. * Parkin, M., Powell, M., & Matthews, K. (2005) Economics 6th ed. London. Pearson Education Limited. * Co-operative (2011) Why we have ethical polices [online] Available at http://www.goodwithmoney.co.uk/why-do-we-need-ethical-policies/ [Accessed 6th April 2011} * Bank of England (2011) About the Bank [online] Available at http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/index.htm [Accessed 23rd March 2011]